养殖军曹鱼稚鱼骨骼畸形研究

本研究采用软骨—硬骨双染色技术对常规养殖条件下的军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)稚鱼全骨骼进行染色,观察并分析其骨骼畸形发生部位及相应的畸形类型。结果显示,在同一批次繁育的180个军曹鱼稚鱼(25日龄)骨骼标本中,有72个标本存在畸形情况,畸形率为40.00%。骨骼畸形类型共计22种,畸形率由高到低主要表现为米克尔氏软骨畸形、尾上骨缺失、脉棘分叉、基舌骨异位和尾上骨愈合等;所有骨骼畸形均未表现出显著可见的外部形态变化。但正常个体与骨骼畸形个体的全长存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。本研究表明,骨骼畸形对军曹鱼生长产生了影响。本研究为探索鱼类骨骼畸形的发生过程和原因、减少畸形率和优化苗种培育养殖条件提供了理论基础。     

过量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤磷渗漏的影响

采用土柱培养的模拟试验方法,研究在不同磷水平土壤上大量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤测试磷、土壤磷渗漏的影响及机理。结果表明,不同磷水平土壤施用磷肥和有机肥后,土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen-P和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷均显著增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加土壤各形态磷量随土壤磷水平的增加而增大;随着磷肥和有机肥用量的增加,单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加各形态磷量也逐渐增大,差异均达到显著和极显著水平;施用磷肥和有机肥土壤磷的最大吸磷量（Qm）和土壤磷吸持指数（PSI）逐渐减少,土壤磷的吸附饱和度（DPS）逐渐增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤磷的吸附饱和度随着土壤磷水平的增加而增加。随磷肥和有机肥用量的增加,不同磷水平土壤磷的吸附饱和度逐渐增加、土壤磷的吸持指数下降、土壤磷的渗漏量逐渐增大;土壤磷渗漏量与土壤测试磷呈显著正相关;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤测试磷随着磷肥或有机肥用量以及土壤磷水平的增加而增加。     

几种水生植物净化能力比较

通过模拟人工湿地的方法测试了7种高等水生植物对农村生活污水的净化能力,旨在筛选合适的湿地植物。结果表明:有植物处理系统对COD、总氮和总磷的去除效果明显高于无植物对照,植物本身的氮磷累积作用对氮的去除贡献为7%~63%,磷的去除贡献为12%~65%。多数测试植物对氮磷的富集量茎叶高于根系。不同植物的净化能力也有较大差异,从强到弱的顺序依次为芦竹>荻>菖蒲>芦苇>水生鸢尾>千屈菜>野慈姑。聚类分析结果显示这7种植物明显分为3类,其中,芦竹单独为一类,此类植物净化能力强;菖蒲、芦苇和荻为一类,此类植物净化能力较强;水生鸢尾、千屈菜和野慈姑为一类,此类植物净化能力较弱。     

四川盆地及盆周山区玉米地方种质耐低磷胁迫研究

以来自四川盆地及盆周山区的22个玉米地方种质为材料,在低磷胁迫下对苗期缺磷症状,成株期株高、穗行数、百粒重、行粒数以及穗粒重等性状表现进行了研究。结果表明,低磷胁迫对玉米的主要农艺、经济性状均有不同程度的影响,其中对苗期缺磷症状及成株期穗粒重的影响最大,且不同玉米地方种质在苗期和成株期对低磷胁迫的反应不同,以苗期缺磷症状和成株期穗粒重的耐低磷胁迫系数的平均值作为耐低磷综合指数,能较好地反映玉米地方种质的耐低磷胁迫能力。将耐低磷综合指数按最短距离法进行聚类,可将22个玉米地方种质划分为三类。其中,第一类材料包括:汉源红包谷、汉源白包谷、汶川二白、江北大板牙,占鉴定总数的18.2%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.81以上,属于对低磷胁迫不敏感基因型;第二类材料包括南充秋子等4个玉米地方种质,占鉴定总数的18.2%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.73~0.77之间,属于对低磷胁迫反应中间型;第三类材料包括小金金皇后等14个地方种质,占鉴定总数的63.6%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.73以下,属于对低磷胁迫敏感基因型。     

Interactions between phosphorus availability and microbes in a wheat–maize double cropping system: A reduced fertilization scheme

Mechanisms controlling phosphorus(P) availability and the roles of microorganisms in the efficient utilization of soil P in the wheat–maize double cropping system are poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted a pot experiment for four consecutive wheat–maize seasons(2016–2018) using calcareous soils with high(30.36 mg kg^–1) and low(9.78 mg kg^–1) initial Olsen-P content to evaluate the effects of conventional P fertilizer application to both wheat and maize(Pwm) ...     

Genome-wide association and linkage mapping strategies reveal genetic loci and candidate genes of phosphorus utilization in soybean

Insufficient available phosphorus in soil has become an important limiting factor for the improvement of yield and quality in soybean. The mining of QTLs and candidate genes controlling soybean phosphorus utilization related traits is a necessary strategy to solve this problem. In this study, 11 phosphorus utilization related traits of a natural population of 281 typical soybean germplasms and a recombinant inbred line(RIL) population of 270 lines were evaluated under different phosphorus condit...     

苍溪梨果实褐斑病研究

近年来湖北襄阳一带苍溪梨果实上的褐斑病害,经研究证明,系磷、硼双缺引起。及时合理施硼,能迅速控制此病;保持土壤速效磷水平较高,可显著减轻受害程度     

A seasonal survey of surface water habitats within the River Spey basin,Scotland: major nutrient properties

• 1. Current monitoring strategies of governmental organizations tend to be focused on relatively large flowing and standing waters, and until recently those polluted by point sources. Consequently areas of high conservation interest tend to be understudied, and defining reference conditions, as required by current legislation, is difficult to achieve.
• 2. In order to address this imbalance, water samples have been collected and analysed once in each of four seasons during 2003 from 72 locations within a 100 km² area of the oligotrophic River Spey catchment in NE Scotland. The sampling design included examples of running water (headwater streams and the main rivers) and standing water (lochs, lochans, pools, ditches, backwaters, bogs). Altitude ranged from 220 to 980 m and incorporated a climatic regime from cool temperate to sub‐alpine. Each sampling campaign targeted low‐flow conditions to evaluate steady‐state nutrient concentrations.
• 3. Concentrations of the major soluble nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus demonstrated high spatial and temporal variability, with soluble organic and molybdate unreactive forms generally being dominant. Concentrations of ammonium‐N, nitrate‐N and soluble reactive phosphorus were extremely small, with 50% of samples falling below 8, 5 and 1 µg L^?1, respectively, during spring and summer.
• 4. Sampling sites were grouped either by water‐body type or by the properties of their immediate biophysical zone. Together these two groupings explained 33–38% of the variance in water chemistry. Certain changes were detectable across most habitats and biophysical zones.
• 5. A decline in the concentration of nitrate that occurred in reaches downstream from certain headwater streams draining the mountain areas indicated the potential for its within‐stream utilization. Inorganic N dynamics differed between small streams and large rivers.
• 6. Landscape‐scale patterns were recorded in spring and summer nutrient availability with inorganic N and P thresholds (arbitrarily defined) of 10 and 1 µg L^?1, respectively.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国稻田土壤有效磷时空演变特征及其对磷平衡的响应

以农业农村部始于1988年的全国稻田土壤监测数据库为基础,将稻作区划分为东北、长江三角洲(简称"长三角")、长江中游、华南和西南五个区域,分析近30 a各稻作区土壤有效磷含量、磷肥回收率及农学效率和磷素的表观平衡,揭示各区域间稻田土壤磷素时间演变和空间差异特征,为稻田土壤磷素科学管理提供理论依据.结果表明,全国主要稻作...     

pH值对玄武湖沉积物中磷的释放及形态分布的影响

为了探讨pH值对沉积物中磷释放行为的影响,采用淡水沉积物中磷形态标准测试程序（SMT）研究了玄武湖沉积物中磷形态分布情况,并通过室内模拟实验研究了不同pH值条件下沉积物中不同形态磷的释放行为。结果表明,在玄武湖沉积物的总磷（TP）中,NaOH-P赋存比例最高（370.42～414.65mg·kg^-1）,其次是HCl-P（359.41～378.64mg·kg^-1）,有机磷（OP）含量最低（237.23～276.86mg·kg^-1）。酸性条件下,促进HCl-P的释放,NaOH-P的百分含率显著升高,而OP和HCl-P的百分含率则均明显下降;碱性条件下,促进NaOH-P的释放,HCl-P的百分含率升高,OP和NaOH-P的百分含率则均出现了下降现象。研究表明,pH值对沉积物中磷的释放以及磷形态在磷释放过程中的重新分布均具有重要影响。