Optimizing nursery diets for post-metamorphic stage black sea bass: Growth performance,body composition,and feed utilization on open-formulated and commercial starter diets

The objective of this study was to optimize nursery diets for post-metamorphic stage black sea bass by evaluating growth performance, whole-body proximate and fatty acid composition, and utilization of University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW)-formulated and commercial diets under laboratory conditions. A feeding trial was conducted to compare two UNCW-formulated diets (D1 and D2) for black sea bass (54% crude protein = CP and 14% crude lipid = CL) and two premium, commercial marine finfish fry diets, Otohime (Reed Mariculture Inc., Campbell, CA, CP = 48% and CL = 14%, CD3) and Gemma Diamond (Skretting, Nutreco, Canada, CP = 57%, CL = 15%, CD4). The UNCW-formulated diet 1 (D1) contained high fish meal (FM, 40% of diet), whereas UNCW-formulated diet 2 (D2) replaced 50% FM protein by high-quality poultry by-product meal (PBM) protein. Post-metamorphic stage black sea bass (~0.60 g, d40ph) were stocked in each of sixteen 75-L tanks at a density of 1 fish per L (75 per tank), with four replicate aquaria per treatment. Fish were fed four times per day (0800, 1100, 1400, and 1600 h) to apparent satiation for 30 days. Final body weight (5.70–5.74), specific growth rate (7.40–7.45%/d), and percent body weight gain (834–848%) of fish fed the UNCW-formulated D1 (FM-based) and D2 (FM + PBM-based) were higher (p < .05) than in fish fed the commercial diets CD3 and CD4 (4.66–5.21 g, 6.80–7.15%/d, and 668–756%, respectively). Feed intake (% body weight/d was significantly lower for fish fed commercial diet (CD4) (3.94) compared with fish fed CD3 (4.20), but feed intake for CD3 was not significantly different compared with the UNCW-formulated diets D1 and D2 (4.10–4.12). Feed conversion ratios (0.76–0.82) were significantly higher for fish fed CD3 (0.82) than for fish fed D1 and CD4 (0.76). Survival was high (99–100%) in all diet treatments. Final whole-body crude protein content (15.2 to 15.9% wet basis), moisture (68.9–69.6%), and ash (4.31–4.77%) showed no significant differences; however, whole-body crude lipid was lower in fish fed CD3 (9.67%) than in fish fed the other diets (9.96–10.22%). Final whole-body fatty acid composition reflected the diet composition. Higher feed consumption and growth of fish fed the UNCW-formulated diets were attributed to a more optimal combination of marine (fish, squid, and krill meals), terrestrial plant (soybean meal) protein sources, and the addition of chemo-attractants, which provided both higher nutritional quality and palatability. The study suggests that the species-specific starter diets may improve growth performance and fingerling quality and may therefore lower production costs under intensive nursery conditions.     

高邮鸭主要血浆生化指标与产蛋性状的相关分析

通过对200日龄产蛋早期的78只高邮鸭血浆总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、α-淀粉酶(AMY)、总胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和无机磷(P)共11项生化指标进行测定,研究其与产蛋性状的相关性.结果显示TP(58.25±7.83)g/L,ALB(18.16 4.23)g/L,AST(25.83±9.35)U/L,ALT(55.07±36.25)U/L,ALP(332.2±153.1)U/L,LDH(319.46±99.61)U/L,AMY(554.3±168.8)U/L,HDL-C(1.19 0.65)mmol/L,CHO(3.19±0.83)mmol/L,LDL-C(1.72 0.96)mmol/L,P(0.29 0.12)mg/mL;AST活性与开产体重呈强负相关(P＜0.01).     

Molecular characterisation of Berberis thunbergii cultivars using microsatellite markers

Due to a growing concern for black stem rust (BSR) disease in wheat-producing regions of the USA and Canada, the sale and movement of barberry plants to ‘quarantined’ regions is restricted to just a few cultivars approved as being BSR-resistant. Currently, verification of a given barberry plant as being ‘true-to-type’ of the approved cultivar relies on comparing its morphological features with those of its reference cultivar. Frequently, this approach leads to mis-identification of cultivars due to the similarity of morphological features among young plants. The approach is complicated, or not at all useful, when the plants are dormant, which is the stage at which plants are sold. A reliable technique that could be used at any stage of plant growth to identify and verify cultivars is needed. In this study, the genetic diversity of 51 barberry cultivars was assessed using microsatellite markers, and their genotypic profiles were developed based on the allele composition of different microsatellite loci. A total of 43 alleles were generated at seven microsatellite loci, and all were polymorphic. An unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) cluster analysis of the Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity matrix showed that 84.3% of the 51 cultivars tested were distinct from each other. Ten of the 11 cultivars approved for import into Canada were distinguishable based on their genotypic profiles. The results indicated that microsatellite-based genotyping could be used by regulatory agencies to identify and offer ‘true-to-type’ guarantees to cultivars destined for BSR ‘quarantined’ regions, and to verify the uniqueness of new cultivars when issuing Plant Patents.     

盐生植物种子异型性研究进展

种子异型性指植物在长期进化中,同一植株上产生多种在形态(颜色、质量)和结构(散布结构)及萌发、休眠特性等方面存在明显差异的种子.种子异型性现象在盐生植物中较为常见,多分为褐色和黑色种子,通常前者不休眠,萌发快,萌发率高,耐盐性强:后者休眠,萌发慢,萌发率低,耐盐性弱.盐生植物种子异型性是其对环境适应的重要特性,同时对种群的建立和繁衍有着重要的生态学意义.基于前人的研究对盐生植物异型性种子的形态结构及萌发、耐盐与休眠、产生机制及生态学意义等方面进行了综合论述,以期为相关研究提供参考.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

粪源环丙沙星对潮土中抗生素抗性基因的影响

为了探究粪源环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin, CIP)对潮土中抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的影响,布置培养试验(81 d),设置5个处理,分别为Ⅰ:CK(对照),Ⅱ:CIP(外源添加CIP),Ⅲ:DF(不含CIP的鸭粪),Ⅳ:DF+CIP(Ⅲ基础上外源添加CIP),Ⅴ:DF(CIP)(粪源CIP)。采用PCR技术分析土壤中6大类27种抗生素抗性基因和4种可移动遗传元件的检出情况,并利用荧光定量PCR技术对检出频率较高的目的基因及总细菌基因(16S rRNA)的绝对丰度进行检测。结果表明:不同处理土壤中共检出6种ARGs(tet G、sulⅠ、qnr A、qnr S、aad A2、aad D)和1种可移动遗传元件(intⅠ),且检测到的目的基因基本一致。DF(CIP)和DF+CIP处理对土壤中细菌和不同种类ARGs的影响不同。DF(CIP)、DF+CIP处理均显著降低了土壤中16S rRNA、tet G的绝对丰度;DF(CIP)处理显著增加了土壤中sulⅠ、aad A2的绝对丰度;DF+CIP处理显著增加了土壤中qnr A的绝对丰度。不同种类的ARGs与intⅠ、土壤理化性质的偏相关性分析表明,土壤中intⅠ与sulⅠ、aad A2呈正相关,与qnr A呈负相关,qnr A与CIP残留量呈正相关,tet G与有机质呈正相关。研究结果可为科学地评价氟喹诺酮类抗生素的环境风险以及粪肥的合理施用提供一定的理论依据。     

龙葵红色素理化性质的研究

试验研究了龙葵红色素的理化性质，结果表明，ｐＨ值对该色素的影响非常明显，宜在酸性食品（ｐＨ＜３）中应用．几种金属离子Ｎａ＋，Ｃａ（２＋），Ａｌ（３＋）对该色素的色泽有增强作用；而Ｆｅ（３＋）、Ｓｎ（２＋）则有严重的不良影响．食品中常含的物质蔗糖、淀粉对该色素无不良的影响，该色素很易被氧化剂Ｈ２Ｏ２氧化，还原剂Ｎａ２ＳＯ３·７Ｈ２Ｏ还原．在光照情况下该色素能够被降解．防腐剂苯甲酸钠对该色素也有一定的不良影响．     

黑花生“中花9号”的施肥效应研究

在露地栽培条件下,设置5个复合肥施用量处理,探讨使用万植牌有机无机复合肥(N-P-K=15-15-15)栽培黑花生中花9号的适宜施肥量。结果表明:三峡库区采用万植牌有机无机复合肥露地栽培中花9号的适宜施肥量为40kg/667m~2,荚果产量可达249.5 kg/667m~2,饱果产量218.0 kg/667m~2,籽仁产量170.3 kg/667m~2,饱满籽仁产量可达126.6 kg/667m~2。     

砂姜黑土小麦生产现状的研究

砂姜黑土是一种僵黏瘦瘠,易涝、渍、干旱的中低产土壤。通过对漯河小麦综合试验站5个示范县砂姜黑土地小麦生产的调研,分析当前砂姜黑土小麦生产现状,研究制约小麦产量和品质的问题,并提出措施,以为当地的小麦生产提供参考。     

黑土生态系统氮循环研究进展

黑土是我国重要的土地资源,近年来黑土肥力日益退化,而黑土肥力的退化必然影响土壤氮循环。文章根据黑土区生态系统氮素输入、转化与输出及其影响因素,分析氮循环模式通过降水、人工施用含氮化肥、作物根及秸杆还田输入黑土生态系统氮素,土壤中氨化作用、硝化作用对黑土生态系统氮素转化,以及反硝化作用、淋失、作物产出等氮素输出阐述黑土区生态系统氮循环特点。