蜡样芽孢杆菌菌株X5强化的生物有机肥能有效控制根结线虫(Meloidogyne sp.)

The efficacy of Bacillus cereus X5 as a potential biological control agent against root-knot nematodes was evaluated in vitro by examining second-stage juvenile mortality and egg hatching rate under addition of culture filtrate and in planta by application of bio-organic fertilizers enhanced with B. cereus X5, B. thuringiensis BTG, or Trichoderma harzianum SQR-T037 alone or together in greenhouse and field experiments. The biofumigation of the root-knot nematode-infested soil with organic materials (chicken manure, pig manure and rice straw) alone or in combination with B. cereus X5 was also conducted in greenhouse experiments. In laboratory, the filtrate of B. cereus X5 more effectively reduced egg hatching rates during the incubation period for 14 d and more effectively killed the second-stage juvenile during the incubation period of 24 h than that of B. thuringiensis BTG. The highest dry shoot weights for greenhouse tomatoes and field muskmelons were found in both the treatment consisting of the bio-organic fertilizer enhanced with the three biocontrol agents and the treatment consisting of the bio-organic fertilizer enhanced only with B. cereus X5. The two bio-organic fertilizers achieved better nematicidal effects than those enhanced only with B. thuringiensis BTG or T. harzianum SQR-T037. B. cereus X5 also enhanced effect of biofumigation, which resulted in increased plant biomass and reduced nematode counts in the roots and rhizosphere soil. Therefore, these results suggested that biological control of root-knot nematodes both in greenhouses and fields could be effectively achieved by using B. cereus X5 and agricultural wastes.     

小型高效网状生物转盘污水处理设备的研制

针对现有污水处理设备生物转盘盘片材料存在的比表面积小、挂膜性能差、处理效率低等缺点,提出并试验了一种新型的盘片材料——纸质叠层波纹体。以此种材料为盘片研制出了ＯＳＺ１２２４型网状生物转盘污水处理设备,经试验研究表明该设备耗能仅０．２４６ｋＷ、处理效率达１．２５ｍ^３／ｈ、具有占地面积小等优点,适宜于处理各种有机污水。     

滨海沙地不同固氮树种叶片氮、磷重吸收与生物固氮的耦合关系

福建滨海沙地氮磷养分匮乏,季节性干旱严重。养分重吸收可以减弱植物对土壤养分供应的依赖,从而增强植物适应逆境的能力。以福州市滨海后沿沙地人工营造的木麻黄、肯氏相思和纹荚相思人工林为研究对象,进行不同叶龄(成熟叶、衰老叶)叶片N、P浓度及稳定氮同位素丰度值(δ15 N)的测定,通过统计手段研究叶片N、P重吸收效率(NRE、PRE)、重吸收度(NRP、PRP)及其与生物固氮率的关系。结果表明:(1)滨海沙地不同固氮树种叶片NRE表现为纹荚相思(52.80%)>肯氏相思(28.27%)>木麻黄(24.63%),纹荚相思叶片NRE显著高于肯氏相思和木麻黄,但后两者间无显著差异;PRE表现为肯氏相思(74.08%)>纹荚相思(63.99%)>木麻黄(40.47%),且相互之间差异显著。(2)滨海沙地不同固氮树种生物固氮率表现为肯氏相思(69.45%)>纹荚相思(69.15%)>木麻黄(34.59%),2种相思树种生物固氮率无显著差异,但显著高于木麻黄99.88%～100.77%。(3)滨海沙地不同固氮树种生物固氮率与NRE、PRE和NRP呈负相关关系,与叶片PRP呈正相关关系。因而,滨海沙地不同固氮树种生物固氮与叶片的氮、磷重吸收存在耦合关系,并显著影响氮、磷重吸收效率和重吸收度。研究结果为揭示滨海沙地不同固氮树种对贫瘠土壤和季节性干旱的适应机制提供依据,也为滨海沙地营林管理提供参考。     

喜树内生真菌的分离及其对植物病原菌的抑菌活性测定

采用组织分离法,以PDA培养基为分离培养基,从喜树的枝条、叶片、果实和根中分离获得28株内生真菌.对峙试验结果显示,28株内生真菌对6种植物病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用;其中G-4菌株作用最明显,对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali miyabe et Yamada)、茄褐纹病菌[Phomopsis vexans(Sacc.et Syd.)Harter]的抑制率分别为89.68%和83.88%.对G-4菌株生物学特性测定结果表明,G-4菌株生长最适温度为28℃,最适pH范围为6.4～8;在麦芽浸粉培养基上G-4菌丝生长迅速;果糖为最佳碳源.     

一种新型生物能源发光苔藓的研究

利用转基因技术将萤火虫的荧光基因和苔藓融合,产生一种新的生物替代能源,其原理是通过荧光现象和光合作用的协同,实现低消耗的能量循环,成为一个自给自足的供光体系。作为地下的供光系统,苔藓的某些生活特性可以有效地解决矿难的发生。其衍生品光苔灯,可以应用到公共环境照明中。以光苔能源改善社会的能源结构,从而达到可持续发展的目的,实现绿色能源的广泛普及。     

Olive processing wastes for weed control

The herbicidal effect of olive processing wastes (OPW) on some weed species in wheat, maize and sunflower was investigated in the Aegean region of Turkey. In trials with maize and sunflower, OPW was applied as an air‐dried solid form at 3 and 4.5 kg m^?2. It provided an effectiveness level on Portulaca oleracea of 63–98%. In trials with wheat, OPW was applied as solid and liquid forms, each at two different doses, namely 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2 (solid), and 5 and 10 L m^?2 (liquid). Solid OPW provided a reduction in total weed coverage of 75% and 81% at doses of 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2, respectively. The weed coverage reduction by liquid OPW was 39% and 62% with 5 and 10 L m^?2, respectively. Apart from 12–26% reduction of the number of germinating seeds, OPW showed no toxic effects on maize and sunflower. Wheat was affected in the initial stages but no adverse effect was detected at harvest. It can be concluded that the herbicidal effect of OPW may be considered as an alternative to chemical weed control in some important summer crops (maize and sunflower) and for most of the weeds in winter wheat.     

野猪的遗传学研究与开发利用进展

野猪是重要的兽类资源之一,对于维持生物多样性具有重要意义。对野猪的遗传资源进行研究评估,既能起到保护遗传资源的作用,又能利用它们来改良家猪形成新的猪种。文章主要从野猪的生物学特性、与家猪的起源进化关系及开发利用前景等方面对野猪的研究进行综述,以期为野猪资源的进一步研究和种质资源的保护与开发利用提供参考。     

试论宋元时期橄榄的流行

宋元时期,产自南方偏远地区的橄榄广泛流行于当时的日常生活,时人对橄榄本身及其功用等都有了进一步认识。宋元时期橄榄的广为流行,主要得益于宋元时期统一政局的实现与南北经济、文化、士人交流的加深,宋元时期饮食业的高度发展与饮食日用的广受关注,以及当时茶文化盛行的重要影响。     

茶皂素的结构和生物活性研究进展

茶皂素是一类广泛存在于茶类植物的齐墩果烷型五环三萜类皂甙的混合物,具有多种生物活性和药理作用。阐述了国内外对茶皂素的结构研究进展,综述了茶皂素的生物活性如抗菌抗病毒、抗氧化、抗渗消炎、抗肿瘤、降血脂以及溶血作用,最后对茶皂素结构和生物活性方面的研究进行了展望,旨在为茶皂素的开发利用提供参考。     

棉花漂浮育苗法对棉苗生物学特性及移栽棉产量构成因素的影响

以农杂66为材料，研究了漂浮育苗最佳的播种深度、播放方式、棉苗的生物学特性及移栽后棉株的产量构成因素。研究结果表明：漂浮育苗播种深度以1．5-2．0cm为宜；以斜放的播放效果最好，成苗率高、带壳率低。与营养钵育苗相比，漂浮育苗的棉苗素质优于对照，茎叶鲜重及干重、根系鲜重及干重、根体积、根长、根半径和根密度均高于于对照。漂浮育苗棉苗的主根发达、明显，侧根数显著多于对照，根系鲜重增加1倍。漂浮育苗移栽棉的始蕾期、始花期提早3-5d；单株有效果枝数增加2-3个，成铃数增加26．5％，蕾铃脱落率降低4．2％，从而提高了棉花的产量。