Characteristics of phosphorus removal in an intermittent aeratedbiofilter under two operating regimes

A fixed film system composed of an anaerobic biofilter and an intermittently aerated biofilter (IABF) was developed for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in the treatment of domestic wastewater. We investigated the influence of the operating regime on the performance of EBPR in IABF. Compared to the sequencing batch regime, net phosphorus uptake capacity in IABF was improved under the aerobic continuous feeding (ACF) regime. An innovative method that can be used instead of traditional backwashing was applied to IABF for removal of phosphorus from the reactor under the ACF regime. Using this method, a stable performance of EBPR was achieved during long term operation, with a low frequency of backwashing in IABF. Distribution and variation of organic and phosphorus in IABF may imply spatial distribution of microorganisms in the column of the reactor under the ACF regime.      

鸡源大肠杆菌浮游菌与生物被膜菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测

采用平板培养法建立鸡源大肠杆菌生物被膜的体外模型,银染后经显微镜观察鉴定,并用双纸片协同法检测浮游菌与生物被膜菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的产生情况,同时用双光束紫外分光光度计测定超广谱β-内酰胺酶的活性,为研究鸡源大肠杆菌生物被膜的耐药机制奠定方法学基础。结果表明,27株鸡源大肠杆菌均形成了生物被膜,肉眼可以看到硅胶片上有黑色膜样物质形成,用银染法处理过的生物被膜菌在显微照相系统下可清楚地看到生物被膜的结构;鸡源大肠杆菌生物被膜中超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检出率(70.4%)高于浮游菌的检出率(55.6%),且生物被膜菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶的酶活性((0.71±0.23)U.mg-1)高于浮游菌的酶活性((0.42±0.12)U.mg-1),前者是后者的1.73倍。     

组氨酸激酶基因envZ调控禽致病性大肠埃希菌生物被膜的机制研究

目的 研究双组分系统ompR/envZ中的组氨酸激酶基因envZ对禽致病性大肠埃希菌(Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)生物被膜形成能力的影响,了解该双组分系统在APEC中对生物被膜的调控机制,为探索生物被膜影响禽致病性大埃希菌耐药性的途径提供参考。方法 采用Red同源重组的方法构建envZ基因缺失株,比较野生株和envZ基因缺失株生长特性、生物被膜形成能力的差异。利用转录组学方法分析envZ在转录调控网络中对其生物被膜形成相关基因的调控机制。结果 成功构建envZ基因缺失株AE17ΔenvZ;envZ基因缺失对APEC的生长速度无明显影响,但使APEC生物被膜的成膜能力减弱。与野生株AE17相比,envZ基因缺失株有711个基因发生差异表达,与生物被膜形成相关的基因显著下调。结论 envZ基因除了响应环境渗透压,还参与调控APEC生物被膜的形成。     

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of canine pyoderma isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius for biofilm formation

Biofilm-forming ability is increasingly being recognized as an important virulence factor in several Staphylococcus species. This study evaluated the biofilm-forming ability of sixty canine derived clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius, using three phenotypic methods, microtiter plate test (MtP), Congo red agar method (CRA) and tube adherence test, and the presence and impact of biofilm-associated genes (icaA and icaD). The results showed that icaA and icaD genes were detected concomitantly in 55 (91.7%) of 60 isolates. A majority (88.3%) of the strains screened had matching results by the tube adherence test, MtP and PCR analysis. Better agreement (95%) was found between the PCR-based analysis and the CRA. Results of the icaA and icaD gene PCRs showed good agreement with CRA results, with a kappa of 0.7. Comparing the phenotypic methods, the statistical analysis showed that the agreement among the phenotypical tests using categorical data was generally good. Considering two classes (biofilm producer and biofilm non-producer), the percentage of matching results between the CRA method and the tube adherence test and between the CRA method and the MtP was 93.3%. A concordance of 100% was revealed between the MtP and the tube adherence test. The results indicate a high prevalence of the ica genes within S. pseudintermedius isolates, and their presence is associated with in vitro formation of a biofilm. A combination of phenotypic and genotypic tests is recommended for investigating biofilm formation in S. pseudintermedius.     

人工湿地-电活性菌藻膜技术处理养猪废水中试试验

人工湿地由于具有运行成本低、维护简单等优点而被广泛应用于养殖废水处理。然而,人工湿地技术普遍存在污染物去除效率受温度影响大等问题。在该研究中,通过构建电活性菌藻生物膜来强化人工湿地系统,对养猪废水进行了自然温度下的处理效能与微生物群落研究,在室外开展了18个月试验,结果表明：电活性菌藻生物膜强化组在夏季化学需氧量、氨氮、硝态氮、总氮、总磷、亚硝态氮的去除率分别达到98.26%、97.96%、85.45%、95.07%、94.64%和85.45%。在冬季化学需氧量、氨氮、硝态氮、总氮、总磷、亚硝态氮的去除率分别达到96.10%、91.56%、75.29%、89.94%、92.12%和83.15%。具有良好低温适应性。强化组冬季化学需氧量、氨氮、硝态氮、总氮、总磷、亚硝态氮的出水浓度均满足《禽畜养殖业污染物排放标准》（GB18596—2001）。相比未构建电活性菌藻生物膜的对照组,以上污染物去除率均分别提高。电活性菌藻膜在冬夏季节的优势微生物均为Cyanobium、Shewanella、Azoarcus,群落结构稳定性高,有利于促进冬季污染物去除率,为提高系统污水处理可靠性提供了保障。     

水稻白叶枯病菌在离体培养条件下生物膜形成的检测

分析了不同培养和测试条件(塑料和玻璃表面、培养时间、培养温度和培养基)对水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae,Xoo)生物膜形成的影响,并测定了不同地区来源的Xoo野生型菌株、基因缺失突变体的生物膜形成。结果表明,在聚苯乙烯表面生长、用M210培养基在23 ℃下静止培养24 h是Xoo生物膜形成比较适宜的条件;不同地区来源的菌株生物膜形成能力不同;鞭毛相关基因fleQxoo、fliExoo和rbfCxoo以及H2O2降解调控基因oxyRxoo的缺失突变均影响生物膜形成。     

电活性菌藻膜耦合虹吸曝气技术处理海水养殖废水

人工湿地耦合微生物燃料电池(constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell,CW-MFC)被广泛应用于低碳氮比水产养殖废水处理。然而,高盐度抑制限制了其在海水养殖废水处理中的应用。针对高盐抑制,该研究利用海水底泥和海洋微藻构建电活性菌藻生物膜并结合虹吸曝气技术强化CW-MFC处理海水养殖废水。相比CW-MFC,强化系统对化学需氧量、总磷、总氮、磺胺甲恶唑、Cu²⁺的去除率分别提高33.46%,31.07%、25.64%、12.03%、24.25%。高通量测序显示,硝化和反硝化细菌Marinobacter、Muricauda、Xanthomarina生长状况良好;在MFC阳极和电活性菌藻生物膜表面,胞外呼细菌Geobacteraceae和Pseudomonas以及海洋微藻细菌Pseudooceanicola和Hoeflea被显著富集。研究结果表明,电活性菌藻生物膜耦合虹吸曝气技术可以有效提高CW-MFC系统处理海水养殖废水的效能。     

群体感应调控因子ComA对枯草芽胞杆菌NCD-2抑菌物质产生和生物膜形成的影响

为明确群体感应系统在枯草芽胞杆菌NCD-2菌株抑菌活性和生物膜形成中的作用,通过同源重组技术对群体感应系统中的comA基因进行定位缺失突变,分别比较了NCD-2菌株和comA基因突变子在胞外酶合成、抑菌活性、脂肽抗生素(丰产素)产生以及生物膜形成上的差异,并进一步利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术比较了二者生物膜基质编码基因epsA和tasA的表达情况。结果表明,通过同源重组技术获得了comA基因突变子MA-4,同菌株NCD-2相比,其在胞外蛋白酶和纤维素酶的合成能力、对番茄灰霉菌Botrytis cinerea的抑菌活性、丰产素的合成量和生物膜的形成能力上均明显下降;生物膜基质编码基因tasA的表达量下降了70%,而epsA的表达量变化不明显。表明ComA是NCD-2菌株脂肽抗生素和生物膜形成中的重要调控因子。     

不同培养条件对鸭源鸡杆菌生物被膜形成的影响

采用体外定量法检测20株鸭源鸡杆菌的被膜形成能力,并对被膜形成能力较强的1株鸭源鸡杆菌在不同环境（培养时间、培养基质、营养条件）下产生生物被膜（BF）的差异进行了研究。结果显示,大部分鸭源鸡杆菌均具有不同程度形成被膜的能力,其中3株被膜形成能力中等,2株形成能力较强;鸭源鸡杆菌在银染法、试管法和微量板定量检测法中形成BF的最佳培养时间分别是24、60、24h。其生长周期为8h开始起始黏附、20h大量黏附阶段、24h时形成了完整的生物被膜、32h生物被膜老化散播,之后起始新一轮的被膜周期。葡萄糖、蔗糖及NaCl的加入均在一定程度上抑制了被膜的形成,且随着加入量增加NaCl对被膜形成抑制更显著,而低质量浓度的MgSO4在一定程度上促进BF的形成。扫描电镜观察发现,生物被膜内鸭源鸡杆菌聚集成团状、相互黏连形成致密的三维立体结构。     

Enhancing Growth of Common Carp, Rohu and Mozambique Tilapia through Plant Substrate: The Role of Bacterial Biofilm

Experiments were conducted to enhance the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) through use of sugarcane bagasse as substrate. Bagasse was suspended in water with or without supplementation with fertilizers. Bagasse supplemented with cattle dung and urea favoured higher zooplankton production and significantly (p < 0.05) increased fish growth by over 50% compared to bagasse or fertilizers on their own. This higher production of fish is attributed to bacterial biofilm promoted on the substrate which, apart from forming food for zooplankton and fish, contributed to improved water quality by lowering ammonia.