厌氧水解-移动床生物膜反应器处理香精调料废水的研究

我国的香精调料行业发展很快,废水的成分复杂,浓度高,必须采用多种技术联合处理。针对某食用香精调料企业的废水特点,采用化学混凝预处理、厌氧水解和好氧移动床(MBBR)组合工艺处理,生产性装置的运行效果表明,COD,BOD5,SS和NH3-N等去除效率突出,完全可以达到排放标准,TN和TP的去除效率可分别达到66.3%~69.7%和83.0%~90.2%,其中,TN是由厌氧段反硝化和MBBR同步硝化反硝化实现,TP则通过化学混凝而去除。厌氧水解和MBBR是去除有机物和生物硝化的核心,曝气生物活性炭滤池进一步保证了出水的水质。     

核桃细菌性疫病菌特性及其与核桃内生菌的竞争作用

为了明确本实验室前期分离得到的一株核桃细菌性疫病菌Xaj DW3F3的相关特性及其与寄主内生菌的竞争能力。对该病原细菌进行了显微观察、生物膜形成测定,不同培养基上多糖和色素含量,以及18项生理生化指标测定。通过毛细管法和滴落法观察其趋化作用,并测试其与寄主内生菌的竞争能力。结果表明,病原菌DW3F3为杆状、极生鞭毛、有运动性并能形成生物膜。其在YPGA、King’B 和NA培养基上生长较好,产生多糖和色素较多。病原菌有较强的耐盐性,致死温度达60℃,对纤维素和淀粉都有较强的分解能力,对NaCl和寄主叶片表现出一定的趋性。在其与核桃叶部内生菌的共培养中表现出一定竞争优势。该病菌菌DW3F3有树生黄单胞菌核桃致病变种（Xanthomonas arboricola pv.juglandis,Xaj）的基本特征及致病相关特性,这些特征可能与其致病性强及病害难以控制有关。     

Ecological and Industrial Implications of Dynamic Seaweed-Associated Microbiota Interactions

Seaweeds are broadly distributed and represent an important source of secondary metabolites (e.g., halogenated compounds, polyphenols) eliciting various pharmacological activities and playing a relevant ecological role in the anti-epibiosis. Importantly, host (as known as basibiont such as algae)–microbe (as known as epibiont such as bacteria) interaction (as known as halobiont) is a driving force for coevolution in the marine environment. Nevertheless, halobionts may be fundamental (harmless) or detrimental (harmful) to the functioning of the host. In addition to biotic factors, abiotic factors (e.g., pH, salinity, temperature, nutrients) regulate halobionts. Spatiotemporal and functional exploration of such dynamic interactions appear crucial. Indeed, environmental stress in a constantly changing ocean may disturb complex mutualistic relations, through mechanisms involving host chemical defense strategies (e.g., secretion of secondary metabolites and antifouling chemicals by quorum sensing). It is worth mentioning that many of bioactive compounds, such as terpenoids, previously attributed to macroalgae are in fact produced or metabolized by their associated microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites). Eventually, recent metagenomics analyses suggest that microbes may have acquired seaweed associated genes because of increased seaweed in diets. This article retrospectively reviews pertinent studies on the spatiotemporal and functional seaweed-associated microbiota interactions which can lead to the production of bioactive compounds with high antifouling, theranostic, and biotechnological potential.     

水文分异条件下光养生物膜藻类对氮/磷的响应

光养生物膜是河流生态系统中重要的初级生产者,在河流生物地球化学循环中扮演重要角色。然而,河流水文状态及营养盐差异引起的生境异质性对光养生物膜藻类的影响未知。本研究在微型跑道池模拟流水(0.5 m/s)和静水(0 m/s)条件的基础上,通过设置不同浓度氮(1.51, 2.51和5.51 mg/L)、磷(0.1, 0.2和0.4 mg/L)及氮磷比(8, 16和32)条件培养野外采集的原位生物膜及人工基质,探究水文分异和营养变化对河流光养生物膜藻类物种组成及密度的影响。非度量多维排序(NMDS)分析结果表明,差异水文条件下,原位和建群生物膜藻类群落在梯度氮、磷和氮磷比环境中均呈现明显分离(PERMANOVA,P < 0.001),且建群生物膜中各分组藻类群落具有更明显的差异。双因素方差分析结果表明,生物膜中硅藻、蓝藻和绿藻的生长对营养盐与水文变化的响应并不一致,其中磷处理中,磷与流速单一及其交互效应显著影响了大多数藻类的生长及建群(P < 0.001);而氮处理中,氮与流速的交互效应仅对建群生物膜藻类影响显著(P < 0.001)。研究结果也发现,藻类在静水环境更有利于建群生物膜的形成,且静水-高营养盐环境更有利于蓝藻和绿藻的生长。这些结果说明,生物膜建群初期易受到水文扰动的影响,且水文分异和氮、磷影响了光养生物膜藻类的响应模式,研究为河流生态保护提供了新视角。     

Influence of light intensity on biofilm formation and the performance of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis juveniles reared in cages

A reduction in light intensity may increase shrimp activity, although it may also negatively affect the development of photoautotrophic organisms present in biofilm, an important natural food source for shrimp. This experiment evaluated the influence of light intensity on biofilm development and on the growth of cultured Farfantepenaeus paulensis juveniles. Six cages were deployed in a shrimp culture pond and stocked with 60 juveniles (0.72 ± 0.03 g). Three cages were randomly chosen and covered with five layers of polyamide net to reduce light incidence (shaded treatment), while the other three cages were not covered (control treatment). Biofilm chlorophyll a and microorganism abundance, as well as shrimp growth, were monitored during the experiment. Chlorophyll a concentration and the abundance of bacteria and flagellates were significantly lower in the shaded treatment (P<0.05). After 75 rearing days, shrimp stocked in control treatment achieved significantly higher (5.98 g) (P<0.05) mean weight than shrimp reared in shaded treatment cages (5.13 g). Similarly, the biomass produced was also significantly higher (P<0.05) in the control treatment (322.92 g) than in the shaded treatment (287.31 g). The results of this study demonstrate that light intensity has a huge influence on shrimp performance mainly due to the increase in natural food availability.     

生物絮团技术在水产养殖中的应用研究

传统的水产养殖模式所带来的环境污染、资源浪费和病害频发等问题已成为制约我国水产养殖业可持续发展的主要因素。生物絮团技术(BFT)具有净化水质、提高饵料利用率及病害防控等优点,被认为是有望解决上述问题的新型健康生态养殖技术,已在国内外得到一定规模的应用,并获得了良好的经济、社会和生态效益。本文重点介绍了生物絮团的形成与培养、生物絮团的主要影响因素及其在水产养殖中的应用效果。研究认为,BFT能够改良水质、节约养殖用水、降低饲料成本、提高养殖对象存活率、增加养殖产量和效益;将BFT与生物膜技术相结合,能够更有效地维持养殖水体中适宜的生物絮团含量,避免生物絮团的过量沉积,并能提高水质改良及增产增收的应用效果,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Contribution of microorganisms to the biofilm nutritional quality: protein and lipid contents

The nutritional quality of biofilm, a microbial community associated to an organic matrix, was evaluated in artificial substrate (polyethylene screen) in net cages during 30 days in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Southern Brazil. During this period, samples of biofilm were collected each 5 days for analysis of chlorophyll a, microorganisms abundance, dry weight, protein and lipid contents. During the study, chlorophyll a varied from 0.38 to 2.75 μg cm^?2; dry weight between 7.16 and 17.63 mg cm^?2; protein content from 0.43 to 1.76 mg cm^?2 and lipid concentration between 1.21 and 4.23 mg cm^?2. The variation of lipid in the biofilm was closely related to the abundance of free heterotrophic bacteria (34.25–56.54 × 10⁶ cells cm^?2), filamentous cyanobacteria (7.5–15.9 × 10⁶ filaments cm^?2), flagellates (6.92–12.89 × 10⁶ cells cm^?2) and mainly nematodes (29–1,414 organisms cm^?2), while protein content varied similarly to the abundance of unicellular centric diatoms (52.10–179.81 × 10³ cells cm^?2), and nematodes. This information will allow a better management of food supply to raised aquatic organism with the utilization of natural productivity in the culture systems, with considerable decrease in production costs.     

The influence of salmon surface mucus on the growth of Flavobacterium columnare

Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease. The presence of lesions on the gills, skin and fins of diseased fish suggests that F. columnare is able to utilize fish skin mucus as a substrate for growth and that exposure to this material would alter the expression of genes involved in the colonization of the outer surfaces of the fish. Growth, biofilm formation, extracellular protease production and changes in protein expression of F. columnare strain C#2 cultured in media supplemented with juvenile Atlantic salmon skin mucus were compared with the same media without mucus. C#2 was able to grow by using mucus as the sole nutrient source. Growth in mucus-containing media induced cells to grow as a biofilm and extracellular protease activity increased in mucus-containing cultures. SDS-PAGE protein profiles showed that expression of six extracellular proteins increased in mucus-containing media. These results demonstrate that salmon surface mucus promotes the growth of F. columnare and that exposure to mucus alters the growth characteristics of this bacterium with regard to protease production and biofilm formation. Further characterization of mucus-induced physiological changes will increase our understanding of the basis of virulence of this economically important fish pathogen.     

序批式生物膜法处理水产养殖废水的研究

目前我国水产养殖废水直接排放的现象较多, 使受纳水体富营养化和生物多样性降低; 同时养殖水体中残饵、水生生物排泄物容易引起水体溶解氧下降、病原体增加并产生有害物质如氨氮、亚硝酸盐等, 引起养殖对象发病甚至死亡。提出采用以组合填料为载体的序批式生物膜反应器处理水产养殖废水。通过试验确定了最佳运行模式: 水力停留时间12 h, 其中瞬时进水y 厌氧( 3 h) y 曝气( 5 h) y 添加原水(添加比1B 3) y 缺氧( 3 h) y 曝气( 1 h) y 沉淀( 0. 5 h) y 排水( 0. 5 h), 并考察了试验对污染物的去除特性。试验结果表明了序批式生物膜法处理水产养殖废水的可行性, 对有机物、氨氮、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为91. 1%、85. 1%、751 8%、89. 5%, 处理后出水可回用于水产养殖。     

人工湿地-电活性菌藻膜技术处理养猪废水中试试验

人工湿地由于具有运行成本低、维护简单等优点而被广泛应用于养殖废水处理。然而,人工湿地技术普遍存在污染物去除效率受温度影响大等问题。在该研究中,通过构建电活性菌藻生物膜来强化人工湿地系统,对养猪废水进行了自然温度下的处理效能与微生物群落研究,在室外开展了18个月试验,结果表明：电活性菌藻生物膜强化组在夏季化学需氧量、氨氮、硝态氮、总氮、总磷、亚硝态氮的去除率分别达到98.26%、97.96%、85.45%、95.07%、94.64%和85.45%。在冬季化学需氧量、氨氮、硝态氮、总氮、总磷、亚硝态氮的去除率分别达到96.10%、91.56%、75.29%、89.94%、92.12%和83.15%。具有良好低温适应性。强化组冬季化学需氧量、氨氮、硝态氮、总氮、总磷、亚硝态氮的出水浓度均满足《禽畜养殖业污染物排放标准》（GB18596—2001）。相比未构建电活性菌藻生物膜的对照组,以上污染物去除率均分别提高。电活性菌藻膜在冬夏季节的优势微生物均为Cyanobium、Shewanella、Azoarcus,群落结构稳定性高,有利于促进冬季污染物去除率,为提高系统污水处理可靠性提供了保障。