基于防火的杉木幼林生物质能持续利用探讨

对杉木人工纯林,杉木-马尾松、杉木-木荷、杉木-马尾松-木荷人工混交林的可燃物负荷量和生物质能进行了调查测定。结果表明:4个林分的可燃物负荷量和生物质能由高至低的顺序依次为:杉木-马尾松混交林、杉木-马尾松-木荷混交林、杉木人工纯林和杉木-木荷混交林。     

功能性木质生物质环境材料的研究现状与展望

以森林为主体的木质生物质是一种"再生可能的、来源于生物的有机资源".生物质资源代替化石资源是历史发展的必由之路.本文集中讨论利用木质生物质资源,通过生物化学、热化学变换方法,制备功能性环境材料的技术路线等问题.     

福建林业资源开发应用的新思考

福建在发展中同样面临着能源、“三农”和环境的困扰,更因缺油少煤及矿产资源不丰和丘陵山地过多而倍感艰难。但在生物时代本省丰富的林业产品成了价值颇高的可再生资源,可提供制作生物柴油的原料和用于造气,其市场广阔。因而只要调整思路,扬长避短,就能战胜上述困扰,把海峡西岸经济区建设得更好。     

Cost, energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) effectiveness of a harvesting and transporting system for residual forest biomass

The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility of a system to harvest logging residues (or slashes) as a new resource for energy in Japan. A harvesting and transporting system for residual forest biomass was constructed with reference to some European countries where the utilization of bioenergy is making steady progress and examined on the basis of field experiments in Japanese forestry. The feasibility of the system is discussed from the standpoints of cost and energy, and the system is compared with those of the European countries. With respect to the system proposed in this study, it is desirable that the process of chipper comminuting is incorporated into the system as early as possible, considering the trends of harvesting cost and fuel consumption per unit weight of residual forest biomass. Such a system is not particularly feasible in Japan from the standpoint of the harvesting cost per MWh of bioenergy. However, no specific problems are found from the point of view of the energy input rate, and it is clarified that it is possible for Japan to reduce domestic carbon dioxide emissions by utilizing biomass as an energy resource. A comparison with the European countries and a preliminary sensitivity analysis of the system demonstrate that the technical development to reduce the harvesting cost,e.g., improving the forwarding and transporting efficiency, and support from the government are essential for realizing bioenergy utilization in Japan. A part of this paper was orally presented at the 111th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (2000). JSPS Research Fellow. This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (No. 10460061).     

秸秆制作成型燃料的试验研究

秸秆经热压成型,密度可达到1.2～1.4g/cm³;燃烧性能优于木材近似中质烟煤,其燃烧效率比散烧提高一倍左右,是一种便于运输、贮存的高品位能源,本文对秸秆成型的机理进行了初步探讨,提出了螺旋挤压成型过程中原料压力变化的力学模型。对成型块的燃烧特性参数进行了测试分析。     

秸秆直燃热水锅炉供热系统的研究设计

该文为解决秸秆焚烧污染问题,研究以秸秆为燃料,直接燃烧的热水锅炉供热系统。供热系统由秸秆直燃热水锅炉和配套系统(秸秆收集和前处理系统)组成。通过对秸秆物料本身特性(堆积密度、含水率和挥发分)进行分析,在秸秆锅炉的设计中采用下饲式进料方式和双燃烧室结构。测试结果表明,该系统的主要技术指标均符合国家标准,获得了稳定、高效和清洁的燃烧方式,提高了秸秆的能源利用率     

我国农业废弃物资源化与农村生物质能源利用的现状与发展

论述了我国农业废弃物的特点和资源化利用的意义,分析了农业废弃物的资源潜力以及在资源化过程中的限制因素和技术瓶颈,并结合中国社会、经济发展的目标,提出农业废弃物资源化的发展战略思路和发展重点。按照循环经济理论和三环循环模式,从农业废弃物资源化利用入手,发展生物质产业对于解决农民增收问题、加快农业工业化进程和促进社会主义新农村和小康社会建设等具有重要意义。     

我国北方能源草研究进展及发展潜力

能源草是一类重要的能源植物。立足北方地区边际土地,我国已在能源草种质资源收集筛选、产量潜力评价、生物质品质分析、生态效应评估等方面开展了大量研究工作,并取得重要研究进展。在我国北方有栽培历史且生物质产量高于3.0t/（hm2.年）的草种主要有23种,其中生物质产量高于20t/（hm2.年）的有柳枝稷（Panicum virgatum）、芒草（Miscanthus spp.）、芦竹（Arundodonax）和杂交狼尾草（Pennisetum americanum×P.Purpureum）4种,它们在适应性、产量、品质方面各有优势,在我国北方地区开发利用前景广阔,但存在杂交狼尾草在我国北方地区不能越冬,芦竹和低地型柳枝稷越冬率低的问题。因此,在我国北方地区收集能源草资源,既要考虑产量、品质,还需兼具耐寒、抗旱或耐盐能力。在广泛收集资源的基础上,明确各能源草在我国北方的适应范围、种植区划和发展潜力,通过育种技术进一步提高能源草的产量、品质和抗逆能力,建立配套栽培管理技术,实现能源草多元化、区域化种植利用,对其经济社会效益和生态效应进行系统评估,构建评价技术体系,应是目前我国北方能源草开发利用的重点研究方向。     

两种芦竹(Arundo donax L.)的生物量及分子转录水平的差异性分析

芦竹Arundo donax L.由于其生长快速、抗逆性强、蛋白含量高等优点,正以重要能源植物的定位受到越来越多的重视。本研究针对本单位收集的源自我国山东省烟台市及福建省福州市永泰县的2种芦竹进行叶片形态、生物量及营养物质含量等生物学特性分析,发现2个芦竹品种在干物质产量、水分含量、纤维含量、粗灰分含量等指标上存在一定差异性。基于上述差异性,对2个芦竹品种的叶片进行Illumina高通量测序分析,构建芦竹转录组数据库。通过de novo的方法对获得的转录组数据进行组装,并预测各组装获得Unigene的开放阅读框,从而获得可能的蛋白氨基酸序列。通过基因表达量差异性分析,筛选2个芦竹品种中表达量差异显著的基因,并将上述基因与Gene Ontology(GO)、Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups of proteins(KOG)及Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)等数据库比对分析,预测差异表达基因的功能及参与的代谢信号通道。针对与生物量及生物乙醇产量相关的代谢途径的分析发现,2个芦竹品种在碳固定光合作用、淀粉/糖代谢及木质素合成相关的信号通道中关键酶基因的表达量上具有显著差异。上述结论从生物学及生物信息学角度分别分析了源自我国不同地域的芦竹品种在生物产量及生物质能源相关指标上的差异性。研究结论为筛选芦竹品种作为优质生物质能源草种提供了依据。     

Utilization of semi‐natural grassland through integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass. III. Effects of hydrothermal conditioning and mechanical dehydration on solid fuel properties and on energy and greenhouse gas balances

The integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass (IFBB) procedure separates biomass into a readily digestible press fluid, from which biogas is produced, and a fibrous press cake that is used as solid fuel. The effects of mechanical dehydration and prior hydrothermal conditioning (5, 60 and 80°C) on biomass from five species‐rich, semi‐natural grasslands, typical of mountain areas of Germany were investigated. Proportional reduction of ash constituents in the press cake compared with the parent material was up to 0·80, 0·61 and 0·81 for potassium, magnesium and chloride, respectively, at 60°C, resulting in potassium, magnesium and chloride concentrations in the press cake of 2·43, 1·22 and 0·93 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM). Emission‐relevant constituents were reduced by up to 0·19 (nitrogen) and 0·39 (sulphur), yielding nitrogen and sulphur concentrations of 11·13 and 0·97 g kg^?1 DM respectively. Ash softening temperatures were significantly increased up to 1250°C, falling within the range of wood fuels. Thus, quality of IFBB fuels is superior compared with conventional hay and is comparable to hay of delayed harvest in winter or the next spring. Calculated energy conversion efficiency for IFBB was up to 0·51, compared with a maximum of 0·22 for anaerobic whole crop digestion (WCD) and 0·74 for combustion of hay (CH). High energy demands in IFBB resulted in a greenhouse gas mitigation potential of up to ?4·40 t CO₂eq ha^?1 which is lower than for CH (up to ?6·17 t CO₂eq ha^?1), but higher than for WCD, which mitigated up to ?2·24 t CO₂eq ha^?1.