云南元谋干热河谷不同生境地表蚂蚁多样性

研究了云南元谋干热河谷明油子-扭黄茅灌草丛(Ⅰ)、牛筋条-黄荆林(Ⅱ)、余甘子-明油子灌木林(Ⅲ)、新银合欢+桉树混交林(Ⅳ)、桉树林(Ⅴ)、新银合欢林(Ⅵ)、多树种混交林(Ⅶ)、印楝林(Ⅷ)、云南松林(Ⅸ)等9种不同生境地表蚂蚁群落的多样性。采集标本29 730头,隶属于5亚科20属46种。各试验地地表蚂蚁群落个体数量46-12 091,物种丰富度4-29,优势度水平0.191-0.778,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数0.597-2.250,均匀度指数0.181-0.791,Jaccard相似性系数0.033-0.697。9种生境地表蚂蚁群落多样性排序为Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅷ>Ⅶ>Ⅸ>Ⅴ>Ⅱ>Ⅳ>Ⅵ。通过聚类分析,9种生境地表蚂蚁群落可分为干热性群落、喜热性群落、偏湿性群落及湿性群落。自然植被类型的蚂蚁群落均以臭蚁亚科占优势。人工植被中的云南松林大头蚁占优势,生态恢复状况良好;其余人工植被的恢复状况尚无法评价。     

怒江西藏段大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性研究

于2007年、2008年的7月先后2次对怒江流域西藏段干、支流大型底栖动物进行了调查。应用ShannonWiener、Margalef和Pielou指数分析了干、支流大型底栖动物的多样性,结果显示:17个采样断面(干流8个,支流9个)共采集到底栖动物34种(属),隶属于25科,其中以水生昆虫种类最多(76.0%);研究区域内干、支流底栖动物密度和生物量分别为132.77 ind/m2、3 967.51 mg/m2,95.39 ind/m2、2 339.64 mg/m2;干流底栖动物现存量明显高于支流,但其物种多样性(H、D、J)组成却低于支流。研究发现,干、支流大型底栖动物群落结构的差异主要与底质类型有关,底栖动物生物多样性与海拔高程变化之间无明显关系。     

南沙群岛海域春、秋季浮游介形类生态学特征

为了解南沙群岛海域春、秋季浮游介形类生态学特征,根据2013年春季(3月中旬至4月初)及秋季(9月)在南沙群岛开展的两个航次生态环境综合调查资料,对该海域浮游介形类生态学特征进行分析研究。结果显示:(1)南沙群岛海域浮游介形类物种组成较为丰富,记录 45种隶属于2科、4亚科、19属。其中,春季有21种,秋季38种,两季均出现的共有种有14个;(2)春、秋两季浮游介形类优势种差异明显,春季优势种组成较为单一,数量低,主要生态类群为外海暖水类群和广温暖水类群,秋季优势种组成较为复杂,数量多,主要为外海暖水类群。春季优势种由后圆真浮萤、葱萤、尖头毛浮萤组成,秋季由纳米海萤、双叉真浮萤、刺喙葱萤、短形小浮萤、粗大后浮萤组成。研究表明:(1)春秋两季浮游介形类密度差异显著,密度分布不均,局部区域密度较高,与该海域局部环流密切相关;(2)浮游介形类两季平均丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度分别为0.59、1.37和0.55,秋季高于春季;(3)春季及秋季均分为岛礁群落和外海群落,群落分布随洋流改变呈季节性变化;(4)受季风影响的大环流及局部环流是浮游介形类种类组成、数量分布及多样性呈明显季节差异的主要因素。     

Fragmentation and drying ratchet down Great Plains stream fish diversity

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Single nucleotide polymorphisms found in the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis (Gigartinales): new markers for population and conservation genetic analyses

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金沙江下游支流大汶溪鱼类资源现状与保护对策

2011年7月至2013年3月对金沙江下游支流大汶溪进行了6次鱼类资源调查,共设3个采样点,每次调查时间为10~15 d。结果表明,大汶溪共采集到鱼类3目、8科、28属、41种,其中长江上游特有鱼类8种;大汶溪上游以齐口裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Schizothorax)prenanti]、短体副鳅(Paracobitis potanini)和短须裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Schizothorax)wangchiachii]为优势种,中游以齐口裂腹鱼、短体副鳅为优势种,下游以鲫(Carassius auratus)、宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)为优势种,不同江段的渔获物组成存在差异;主要捕捞对象齐口裂腹鱼平均体重低于80 g、起捕规格小于10 g,存在过度捕捞现象。大汶溪鱼类多样性指数较高,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H)、Wilhm改进指数(H')、Simpson优势度指数(C)、Pielou均匀度指数(E)分别为1.683~2.785、1.116~2.789、0.6597~0.9016、0.2831~0.4762,但整体上低于金沙江绥江段,该江段此4项指数分别为3.230、2.893、0.9421和0.4681。向家坝水电站淹没成库以及过度捕捞对大汶溪鱼类资源形成威胁,需要加强鱼类生态保护措施。     

Forest drainage: a threat to benthic biodiversity of boreal headwater streams?

1. Forest drainage, including mainly ditching of waterlogged peatlands in order to increase wood growth, has caused substantial changes in the hydrology and water quality of Finnish streams. However, knowledge on the ecological impact of these changes is poor. This paper studies the potential impact of forest drainage, catchment characteristics and habitat factors on the water quality and benthic macroinvertebrates in headwater streams of the River Isojoki, western Finland. An intensive programme of water sampling was carried out at nine study sites, while zoobenthic samples covered a total of 18 streams. 2. According to multivariate regression models concentrations of aluminium and suspended solids in stream water at nine study sites increased significantly with increasing forest drainage of the catchment area. Further, drainage intensity contributed significantly to the decrease in minimum values of alkalinity. 3. In a Canonical Correspondence Analysis, the variation in macroinvertebrate species distribution and abundance was largely explained by drainage intensity, moss coverage and the concentrations of aluminium and iron in stream water. A significant positive correlation was established between the species richness of benthic macroinvertebrates and the proportional cover of vegetation on the stream bed, whereas a significant negative correlation was found between species richness and sand cover. 4. The results suggest that drainage has significantly contributed to the deterioration of water quality and habitat structure, and impoverishment of benthic communities in the headwater streams of the River Isojoki. In order to protect the ecological integrity of such boreal headwater streams, more effective protection schemes in forestry practices and rehabilitation of the adversely affected streams and their catchment areas are needed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Human Impacts on Forest Biodiversity in Protected Walnut-Fruit Forests in Kyrgyzstan

We used a spatially explicit model of forest dynamics, supported by empirical field data and socioeconomic data, to examine the impacts of human disturbances on a protected forest landscape in Kyrgyzstan. Local use of 27 fruit and nut species was recorded and modeled. Results indicated that in the presence of fuelwood cutting with or without grazing, species of high socioeconomic importance such as Juglans regia, Malus spp., and Armeniaca vulgaris were largely eliminated from the landscape after 50–150 yr. In the absence of disturbance or in the presence of grazing only, decline of these species occurred at a much lower rate, owing to competitive interactions between tree species. This suggests that the current intensity of fuelwood harvesting is not sustainable. Conversely, current grazing intensities were found to have relatively little impact on forest structure and composition, and could potentially play a positive role in supporting regeneration of tree species. These results indicate that both positive and negative impacts on biodiversity can arise from human populations living within a protected area. Potentially, these could be reconciled through the development of participatory approaches to conservation management within this reserve, to ensure the maintenance of its high conservation value while meeting human needs.     

森林生态采伐与森林生物多样性保护

本文论述了森林生态采伐对森林生物多样性保护的重要性和必要性。森林生态采伐有利于森林生态系统的平衡；有利于保护森林生物的多样性；有利于森林生态资源的可持续发展。     

天然林保育理论基础研究

在我国,天然林资源所占森林资源比重大,质量却不高,天然林保育是森林可持续经营的必然选择。为此在界定天然林与天然林保育术语的基础上,论述了森林更新演替、森林可持续经营、生态系统经营、近自然经营、分类经营、保护生物学与景观生态学理论等,是天然林保育的基础理论,应依此确定森林经营实践的支撑技术,以实现我国天然林森林可持续经营目标。