Decreased gallbladder emptying in dogs with biliary sludge or gallbladder mucocele

Biliary sludge in dogs is dismissed commonly as an incidental finding. On the other hand, gallbladder mucocele is reported increasingly in dogs and can lead to biliary obstruction or gallbladder rupture. Cholestasis is suspected to play a role in development of sludge and mucoceles, though there are no data in dogs to support this. We investigated gallbladder emptying, a key factor in biliary flow, in dogs with mobile sludge, immobile sludge, or gallbladder mucocele and in healthy controls. Gallbladder ejection fraction estimated by ultrasonography was used as the index of gallbladder emptying. The ejection fraction at 60 min after eating was significantly decreased in all three abnormal groups. Moreover, all dogs with sludge or a mucocele had gallbladder distension. These changes were the greatest in the mucocele group. Thus, biliary stasis occurs not only in dogs with gallbladder mucocele but also in dogs with biliary sludge. Cholestasis may play a role in the pathogenesis or progression of these diseases in dogs.     

Time‐related changes in nutrient digestibility and faecal bile acid loss of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as affected by dietary fat level and non‐starch polysaccharide level

Time‐related changes in apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) and faecal bile acid loss as affected by dietary fat level and non‐starch polysaccharide (NSP) level were studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Low‐Fat versus High‐Fat and Low‐NSP versus High‐NSP diets were formulated. Fish were fed for 6 weeks to apparent satiation and faeces were sampled in week 2, 4 and 6. Most nutrient ADC increased with time and increases were consistently larger for the High‐Fat and High‐NSP diets. Nevertheless, time of adaptation was equal between diets/nutrients and steady‐state digestion was reached at week 3. Although faecal bile acid loss was affected by diet, the observed time‐related decrease in faecal bile acid loss was mainly driven by a decrease in feed intake and faeces production. Fat ADC improved over time regardless of NSP level, which does not support the hypothesis that enhanced faecal bile acid loss (related to satiation feeding of high‐NSP diets) causes a depletion of the total body bile acid pool size that is critical for proper fat digestion. The high‐fat diets consistently resulted in the lowest Fat ADC, which might have been related to a lower availability of bile acids relative to the level of dietary fat.     

鲁西黄牛胆汁分泌规律的研究

对28头健康鲁西黄牛施行双胆囊内培植牛黄手术，使胆汁经肝管、胆囊、胆囊引流导管，模拟胆囊、胆总管“T”型插管和胆总管流入十二指肠。术后测定了每头牛的胆汁分泌量；每隔2h测1次，对1d内各个时段的胆汁量的多少作了分析比较。     

Tylosin-responsive chronic diarrhea in dogs

Fourteen dogs had shown chronic or intermittent diarrhea for more than 1 year. Diarrhea had been successfully treated with tylosin for at least 6 months but recurred when treatment was withdrawn on at least 2 occasions. Tylosin-responsive diarrhea (TRD) affects typically middle-aged, large-breed dogs and clinical signs indicate that TRD affects both the small and large intestine. Treatment with tylosin eliminated diarrhea in all dogs within 3 days and in most dogs within 24 hours. Tylosin administration controlled diarrhea in all dogs, but after it was discontinued, diarrhea reappeared in 12 (85.7%) of 14 dogs within 30 days. Prednisone given for 3 days did not completely resolve diarrhea. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG did not prevent the relapse of diarrhea in any of 9 dogs so treated. The etiology of TRD, a likely form of antibiotic-responsive diarrhea (ARD) is unclear. The following reasons for chronic diarrhea were excluded or found to be unlikely: parasites, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, enteropathogenic bacteria (Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp., or Lawsoni intracellularis), and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile A toxin. A possible etiologic factor is a specific enteropathogenic organism that is a common resident in the canine gastrointestinal tract and is sensitive to tylosin but difficult to eradicate. Additional studies are required to identify the specific cause of TRD.     

嗜酸乳杆菌对胃肠道酶的敏感性研究

以MRS为培养基，模拟胃肠环境对嗜酸乳酸茵对pH、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、胆汁盐的敏感性进行了研究。结果表明：在pH1．60～5．00、温度37℃，胃蛋白酶0．592ug／mL-1．4821μg／mL条件下，活茵数能达到108cfu/mL以上。在MRS培养基自然pH条件下，胰蛋白酶活力在14．24u／g-72．32u／g范围内，胆汁盐0．2％的情况下，活茵数能达到107cfu／mL以上。证明了嗜酸乳酸茵能顺利通过胃肠环境，促进人体健康。     

ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIO-PANCREATOGRAPHY IN HEALTHY BEAGLES

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and pancreatography was performed in seven healthy Beagles to assess the common bile duct and the accessory pancreatic duct after retrograde filling with an iodine contrast medium. All dogs had a major and a minor duodenal papilla. One Beagle had additionally an accessory papilla. The diameter of the contrast filled ducts was measured at three defined measure points (MP1-3) in ventrodorsal radiographs and left lateral radiographs. In ventrodorsal radiographs of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography the common bile duct had a straight craniomedial course. The mean duct diameter was from proximal to distal 3.04 +/- 1.89mm at MP1, 2.38 +/- 1.23 mm at MP2, and 2.11 +/- 0.84 mm at MP3. In ventrodorsal radiographs of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, the left and right branch of the accessory pancreatic duct united in the pancreatic body. The mean diameter of the right branch was 0.88 +/- 0.14 mm at MP1, 0.72 +/- 0.2 mm at MP2 and 0.61 +/- 0.11 mm at MP3. The left branch had a diameter of 0.93 +/- 0.28 mm at MP1, 0.86 +/- 0.21 at MP2, and 0.6 +/- 0.07 mm at MP3. The mean length was 81.6 +/- 14.3 mm for the right and 107.0 +/- 24.9mm for the left branch. In left lateral radiographs of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, it was not possible to differentiate the left from the right branch. Both branches ran nearly parallel and showed similar diameters but slight differences in length. The study proves that endosopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography is possible in dogs. Radiographs taken from dogs in dorsal recumbency allow an objective assessment of the common bile duct and the accessory pancreatic duct.     

CD44 expression in the bile duct epithelium is related to hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis rats induced by a choline-deficient,methionine-lowered, L-amino acid diet

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a lifestyle-related disease and an increasing threat worldwide. Hepatic fibrosis, which results from chronic hepatic diseases including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, is closely correlated with mortality among hepatic lesions, such as steatosis and inflammation. Thus, it is important to identify factors that can serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for hepatic fibrosis. In this study, we examined the function of CD44 in the development of hepatic fibrosis in choline-deficient, methionine-lowered, L-amino-acid diet-fed rats, especially with respect to the proliferation of bile duct epithelium. Male Fischer 344 rats were fed a choline-deficient, methionine-lowered, L-amino-acid diet for 2, 4, 13, or 26 weeks. This diet decreased the body weight; increased the levels of serum parameters indicating liver injury, such as aspartate and alanine aminotransferase; upregulated inflammation- and fibrosis-related gene expression in the liver; and resulted in the development of hepatic lesions, including fatty changes in hepatocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis. Hepatic hyaluronan was synthesized and deposited in the liver tissue. The expression of both CD44 mRNA and protein was significantly increased throughout the experimental period. CD44 protein was observed in some of the bile duct epithelium, around which hyaluronic acid was deposited, and these bile duct lesions were concordant with the area of hepatic fibrosis. Thus, CD44 expressed in the bile duct epithelium may be a target for controlling nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related hepatic fibrosis.     

胆汁酸对齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼脂肪沉积、脂肪代谢酶活性及相关基因表达的影响

为探讨胆汁酸对齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼生长、脂肪沉积、脂肪代谢及相关基因表达的影响;实验以360尾初始体质量为(12.74±0.14) g的健康齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼为对象,随机分为4组,每组设3个重复组,每个重复组放养30尾,分别投喂胆汁酸含量为0、75、150和300mg/kg的4种饲料,养殖时间为70 d。结果显示,随着胆汁酸含量的升高,齐口裂腹鱼的增重率(WGR)呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且在胆汁酸含量为150 mg/kg时达到最大,为226.63%;其肠脂肪酶(LPS)、肝酯酶(HL)、脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)和总脂酶(TL)活性均呈先升高后趋于稳定的变化趋势;而脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)活性则呈相反的变化趋势;齐口裂腹鱼肝脏LPL mRNA表达量呈先上调后趋于稳定的变化趋势,FAS mRNA表达量呈先下调后趋于稳定的变化趋势;肝脏、肌肉及全鱼中粗脂肪含量均随胆汁酸含量的升高呈先降低后趋于稳定的变化趋势,胆汁酸含量对实验鱼的成活率及脂肪沉积效率无显著性影响。研究表明,本实验条件下,添加适量的胆汁酸可有效上调齐口裂腹鱼LPL mRNA的表达量,下调FAS mRNA的表达量,增强脂肪代谢酶活性,促进对饲料...