膳食纤维定义与来源科学共识(2021)

由于环境保护和成本控制的需要,植物性饲料原料在水产配合饲料中的用量越来越高。植物性原料中含有丰富的膳食纤维 (DFs),使许多商品饲料中的DFs达30%以上,但由此带来的对水产动物的生理影响仍鲜受关注。本文介绍了DFs的定义、分类、理化特性、可发酵性及常见植物性饲料原料中DFs的含量,重点介绍了作者及团队在鱼类DFs营养生理方面的研究发现。研究表明,黄颡鱼摄食含20%~30% DFs的饲料后会出现出血、白便、肠炎、腐皮、烂鳃、肝脂肪变性和纤维化、绿肝、白肝、胆囊肿大等症状及暴发性死亡。大口黑鲈和草鱼摄食高DFs饲料后也有相似症状。DFs的致病作用不仅与饲料中DFs含量有关,还与DFs种类有关,果胶对黄颡鱼的致病性比纤维素强得多。DFs的致病机制与其对胆汁酸 (BAs)稳态和肠道微生物稳态的干扰有关。因DFs具有结合BAs的特性,这会阻碍BAs对法尼醇X受体 (FXR)等BAs受体的激活,而FXR负反馈调控BAs的合成并抑制炎症反应,因此,大量DFs进入肠道后就会引起BAs合成亢进,提高组织中BAs水平及其疏水性并干扰BAs循环节律,再由BAs的细胞毒性引起炎症反应和组织坏死。DFs还具有可发酵性,引起肠道微生物结构改变,或由BAs的抗菌作用引起肠道微生物结构改变,进而加剧包括BAs在内的代谢紊乱。DFs的致病性与其他胁迫作用具有叠加效应,加重疾病症状和进展。从DFs的致病机制出发,通过控制DFs摄入种类和摄入量、向饲料中添加BAs及牛磺酸、防止DFs与其他胁迫因子的叠加效应等方式可防控DFs诱导的疾病。本研究首次阐述了DFs过量摄入对鱼类的致病性及其潜在机制,为植物性饲料原料的高值化利用及饲料配制技术优化提供了新视角,为鱼类病害防控提供了新途径。研究结果也提示未来应进一步阐明不同植物性原料中DFs的种类、含量和特性以及水产动物对DFs的耐受范围。

     

The influence of diet on the grass carp intestinal microbiota and bile acids

To elucidate the influence of different diet on the intestinal microbe and bile acids, we characterized the microbiota and bile acids in the hindgut content of grass carp fed on formula feed (FF group) or Sudan grass (SG group). Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria were significantly more represented in FF group than in SG group whereas Bacteroidetes was significantly more abundant in SG group than in FF group. Simpson diversity was significantly higher in FF group than in SG group (t = 2.33, P < 0.05). Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was the most abundant primary bile acid in the two groups, with average concentrations of 1.03 ± 0.62 and 4.44 ± 1.80 ng mg^?1 in SG and FF group respectively. The most abundant secondary bile acid was deoxycholic acid (DCA) in SG group and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in FF group, with average concentrations of 0.17 ± 0.06 and 2.67 ± 0.88 ng mg^?1 respectively. UDCA is significantly more abundant in FF group than in SG group, and the total bile acids were higher in FF group than in SG group. Cetobacterium and Fusobacteriaceae U114 were significantly related with the concentrations of CDCA (r = 0.85, P < 0.05 and r = 0.82, P < 0.05 respectively) and UDCA (r = 0.92, P < 0.01 and r = 0.92, P < 0.01 respectively). However, Bacteroides was negatively related with the concentration of UDCA (r = ?0.67, P < 0.05). Overall, there existed certain relationship between the intestinal microbes and the faecal bile acids, and they were both influenced by the diet.     

Preliminary study to evaluate the effects of dietary bile acids on growth performance and lipid metabolism of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed plant ingredient‐based diets

A 9‐week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bile acids (BAs) on juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) (Oreochromis niloticus) based on the evaluations of growth performance and parameters relevant to lipid metabolism. Each of five vegetable protein‐based diets containing BAs at a level of 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.45 or 1.35 g/kg diet was fed to three replicates with 40 fish (8.2 g per fish). The results showed that weight gain (WG) increased significantly with the increase in BAs from 0 to 0.15 g/kg diet and then decreased significantly at a higher BA supplementation. Dietary BAs significantly reduced the crude lipid content in the whole body, muscle and liver tissue of GIFT. Fish fed diet with 1.35 g BAs/kg diet developed serious nuclear migration and vacuolization in hepatocytes. Gall bladder appeared to contain white solid and has fragile capsules. Dietary BA supplementation had significant effects on serum biochemical indices and activities of lipid metabolism enzymes in liver and intestine. In conclusion, dietary bile acid supplementation (0.15 g/kg) can facilitate the lipid metabolism and therefore promote the growth of tilapia. However, overdosed dietary BAs induced gallstone development, disrupted lipid metabolism and depressed the growth performances of GIFT.     

Studies on the green liver in cultured red sea bream fed low level and non-fish meal diets: Relationship between hepatic taurine and biliverdin levels

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to investigate the cause of green liver in red sea bream fed substitute protein diets. Red sea bream Pagrus major was given either of the following diets for 28 weeks: (1) control diet (50% fish meal), (2) low level fish meal diet (15% fish meal), and (3) non-fish meal diet (0% fish meal). The green liver was observed in all groups tested, but the incidence was much higher in the experimental diet groups. The feeding of substitute protein diets reduced plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. However, there was no significant difference in plasma hepatic enzyme activities and plasma bile salts concentration among the treatments. Fish fed the substitute protein diets showed low hepatic taurine levels with an appearance of a biliverdin in the liver. Moreover, the proportion of ditaurobilirubin to total biliary bile pigments was significantly lower in fish fed the substitute protein diets. These data indicate that feeding of substitute protein diets did not induce any cholestatic hepatobiliary obstructions and that the low hepatic taurine level was one of the probable factors responsible for the occurrence of green liver in red sea bream fed substitute protein diets.     

草鱼胆汁酸与细菌生长试验

本文研究了草鱼结合胆汁酸直游离胆汁酸盐的抑菌作用,研究结果表明,草鱼结合胆汁酸直力游离胆汁酸酸盐对三种革兰氏阳性菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄八叠球菌和苦草孢杆菌有抑菌作用,能够明显地抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长。草鱼结合胆汁酸盐像乳糖培养基中的牛胆盐一样,能够抑制革兰阳性菌的生长,而有利于革兰氏阴性菌和如大肠杆菌的生长。草鱼游离胆汁酸盐像ＧＮ增菌液中的去氧胆酸钠一样,能够抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长,而对革兰氏     

胆汁引流对黑熊健康状况影响的研究

通过三个实验来研究取胆汁对熊的健康状况的影响。首先,比较了取胆汁熊和没有取胆汁熊的健康状态;其次,比较了引流3年以上的熊和没有进行引流熊的健康状况;最后,比较了不同取胆汁方式熊的健康状况。实验证明,引流取胆汁影响了熊的身体健康,其中,引流取胆汁对熊的危害明显,穿刺取胆汁对熊的危害较小。引流取胆汁对熊的健康影响主要体现在易患胆囊炎症、胆结石,还容易发生脂溶性维生素缺乏症状。     

Effects of chromium yeast,tributyrin and bile acid on growth performance,digestion and metabolism of Channa argus

A 60‐day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of chromium yeast (CY), tributyrin (TB) and bile acid (BA) on the snakehead (Channa argus). The control (CT) group was fed the basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed 200 mg/kg CY (concentration: 1,000 mg/kg), 2.5 g/kg TB (purity: 45%) or 1 g/kg BA (purity: 30%) in addition to the basal diet. The addition of CY, TB and BA statistically increased the weight gain rate, and specific growth rate, whereas the feeding rate and feed conversion ratio were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). When compared with the CT group, TB elevated the serum glutathion peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity; and BA reduced low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) contents significantly (p < 0.05). The three feed additives reduced intestinal malonaldehyde (MDA) levels dramatically. Tributyrin significantly enhanced intestinal trypsin and pepsin activities (p < 0.05). The activity of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase and pyruvate carboxylase in the group fed CY was significantly lower than in the CT group. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of the three additives enhanced growth performance of C. argus. Dietary supplementation of CY affected protein, glucose and lipid metabolism. Diets with TB levels improved intestinal digestive enzyme activity and antioxidant capacity. The addition of BA improved glycolipid metabolism.     

胆盐水解酶基因结构与功能研究现状

胆盐水解酶是微生物生长、繁殖过程中产生的一种胞内酶,因其可能与降低血胆固醇、预防心血管疾病有关而受到广泛关注。本文从胆盐水解酶的特性出发,综述了胆盐水解酶的生理功能、酶学活性、微生物菌群的来源及特征,以及胆盐水解酶的氨基酸结构等方面的研究进展,以期为进一步深入研究胆盐水解酶的作用机理及相关制品的开发利用提供参考。     

Bile pigments in fishes: a review

Gallbladder (GB) bile of most cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, and teleosts contains appreciable amounts of biliverdin (BV) and bilirubin (BR) conjugates with lesser amounts of unconjugated BR in certain species. Certain elasmobranch and teleost species have been reported to have primarily BV or BR in bile. The appearance of the enzyme BV reductase, which converts BV to BR in mammals, evolved quite early in the evolution of vertebrate species; however, exceptions exist in certain fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals whose bile contains primarily BV. Nearly all analytical studies on bile pigment composition in fishes to date have utilized only GB bile, which may or may not always be representative of the pigments excreted in freshly collected hepatic duct bile. The concentration of BV and BR in GB bile of fishes increases markedly during prolonged fasts. From the limited data currently available, there appears to be no systematic development from primitive to advanced forms in the appearance of certain bile pigments in fishes. While bile of most aquatic species contains appreciable amounts of both BV and BR, it is interesting that the bile of most terrestrial avian and reptilian forms contains primarily BV. The serum of fishes, except for certain bony species such as eels (Anguilleformes) and cottids (Scorpaeniformes), is a light yellow color due to the presence of BR and is similar to that observed in higher vertebrates. Serum from certain eels and cottids is bluish green in color due to the presence of a variety of chromoproteins that contain BV firmly bound as the prosthetic group.