Formation and chemical structures of acid-soluble lignin II: reaction of aromatic nuclei model compounds with xylan in the presence of a counterpart for condensation,and behavior of lignin model compounds with guaiacyl and syringyl nuclei in 72% sulfuric acid

To elucidate the formation and chemical structures of water-soluble material in acid-soluble lignin (ASL), lignin aromatic nuclei model compounds of creosol (I) and 5-methoxycreosol (II) were reacted with xylose or xylan in the presence of apocynol as a counterpart for condensation in 72% sulfuric acid (SA). The reaction of I gave mainly condensation product. However, the condensation reaction of II with apocynol was suppressed because of steric hindrance from the methoxyl group, and II yielded a C-xyloside after refluxing in 3% SA together with condensation products. To obtain information on CHCl₃-soluble material in ASL, model compounds of arylglycerol--aryl ethers with guaiacyl (VIII) and syringyl (X) nuclei were treated by the Klason procedure. VIII gave only insoluble polymerized product, while X gave insoluble polymerized product and CHCl₃-soluble low molecular weight products, which were dissolved in 3% SA. These results prove earlier views that water-soluble material in ASL consists of condensation products formed from syringyl lignin and monosaccharide units in hemicellulose. In addition, the CHCl₃-soluble material in ASL appears to be composed of low molecular weight degradation products from SA treatment of Klason lignin with the syringyl nucleus.Part of this report was presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001 and at the 47th Lignin Symposium, Fukuoka, October 2002, and was reviewed in Mokuzai Gakkaishi (2002) 48:55–62     

胰腺干细胞体外诱导分化研究进展

胰腺干细胞是一种多能干细胞,具有无限分裂和永久自我更新的能力,可在特定因素的影响或诱导下,分化成胰腺导管、胰岛、外分泌腺泡等特定胰腺组织类型,甚至肝细胞.由胰腺干细胞诱导分化的胰岛β细胞在治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病和纠正部分Ⅱ型糖尿病中具有重要意义.论文就胰腺干细胞的存在部位、诱导干细胞为胰岛β细胞的生物活性物质、诱导分化为胰腺β细胞的方法及调控胰腺干细胞分化的信号通路等方面做一综述.     

Extraction of humic-β-glucosidase fractions from soil

Humic compounds with -glucosidase activity were extracted from soil using tetrasodium pyrophosphate as extracting solution. Mixture of soil samples with 0.01 M pyrophosphate in a ratio of 1:5 (w/v), adjustment to pH 7.0–7.3, extraction for 18 h with reciprocating agitation, and bacteriological filtration after centrifugation were the optimum conditions for extraction of the -glucosidase complexes. Otherwise, experimental conditions for extraction indicated that the concentration and pH of pyrophosphate were the factors with the most influence on enzymatic extraction yields. The results indicated that the -glucosidase was extracellular and associated with soil humates.     

The dynamics of in vitro 17 β-estradiol secretion by isolated ovarian follicles of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study investigated the effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17P) and testosterone (T) on the in vitro production of 17-estradiol (E₂) by isolated ovarian follicles of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 17P at 100 ng ml^-1, and hCG at 100 IU ml^-1 stimulated E₂ production relative to controls, whereas lower doses were ineffective. T was the most effective in stimulating E₂ production, followed by 17P and hCG respectively. The timecourse of E₂ production was investigated for both static culture, and incubations with media replacement, with follicles being exposed to hormone treatment for 30 min, 1 or 3 h, or constantly. E₂ production was observed after 30 min, 3 and 3-6 h in response to T, 17P and hCG respectively. Under static culture, E₂ levels reached maximal levels in 6 h. Longer incubations resulted in further metabolism of E₂ to E₂-glucuronide, which resulted in the blurring of treatment effects after 18 h. Incubations with media replacement resulted in higher E₂ production than in static culture. The results indicate that a 6 h incubation period is sufficient to produce significant increases in E₂ production in response to hCG, 17P and T, and that incubations longer than 12 h result in losses E₂ from the incubation media. These findings have implications for the validity of using static cultures to examine the effects of hormone treatment on the activity of steroid converting enzymes in vitro.     

长白山阔叶红松林系统发育和功能性状beta多样性

Beta多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分,对于研究生物多样性的形成机制具有重要意义。基于物种进化历史和功能性状的系统发育和功能性状beta多样性的研究,能够从不同的角度反映群落格局形成的生态学过程。本文以长白山阔叶红松林40 hm2样地中45种木本植物(DBH≥1 cm)为研究对象,采集了最大树高、叶面积、比叶面积和叶氮含量4种功能性状,采用Srensen指数衡量功能性状与系统发育beta多样性在不同空间尺度(半径为10、20、25、50和75 m)的变化趋势,并通过比较系统发育和功能性状beta多样性格局与零模型的差异,进而推断潜在的生态过程。研究表明:1)长白山阔叶红松林系统发育和功能性状beta多样性均表现出距离衰减效应,并且随取样尺度的增大,系统发育和功能性状beta多样性逐渐降低。2)功能性状和系统发育beta多样性格局均具有非随机的变化趋势。随着取样尺度的增大,系统发育beta多样性呈现出先低于随机状态(10~20 m),随后趋于随机(25~50 m),最后又低于随机状态(75 m)的格局。而功能性状beta多样性格局则由随机状态(10~50 m)逐渐变为低于随机状态(75 m)。表明在中小尺度上(10~50 m),中性过程占主导作用,但不能排除生态位过程的影响;而随着尺度的增大,生境过滤在维持长白山阔叶红松林群落构建中起主导作用。3)功能性状与系统发育beta多样性格局变化趋势不一致,推测主要是由于功能性状系统发育信号较弱所导致。      

Regional susceptibilities to 12 insecticides of melon and cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and a point mutation associated with imidacloprid resistance

The melon and cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera; Aphididae) is one of the most serious pests worldwide. We surveyed insecticide susceptibility in A. gossypii field populations to 12 insecticides (6 neonicotinoids, 3 pyrethroids and 3 others) to examine resistance ratios. The levels of insecticide resistance were extremely high, especially to neonicotinoids, such as acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid and imidacloprid. To identify the neonicotinoid resistance mechanisms, we used an imidacloprid-resistant (IMI-R) strain as a model strain. IMI-R showed an extremely high resistance ratio and also cross-resistance to all the test neonicotinoids. However, there was little or no cross-resistance to the other insecticides, including sulfoxaflor. Synergist tests and enzyme activity assays suggested the absence of resistance mechanisms based on enhanced detoxification enzymes, such as cytochrome P450, esterase and glutathione S-transferase. One point mutation was found in the beta1 subunit loop D region of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) of the IMI-R strain. This R81T point mutation was also found in field populations collected from 5 regions. Therefore, the R81T point mutation was identified as an important mechanism of imidacloprid resistance in A. gossypii.     

Respective roles of recent hedges and forest patch remnants in the maintenance of ground-beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) diversity in an agricultural landscape

We compared three kinds of habitats: small remnants of native forests, recent hedges and barley crops, in order to investigate their respective roles in the maintenance of carabid-beetle diversity in a 950-ha area of an intensive agricultural landscape. Carabid faunas in remnants differed weakly from these found in hedges and crops. In particular, small remnants had few typical forest carabid species and a large number of open-area or ubiquitous species. Different approaches in the measurement of and -diversity (classical indices, and additive partitioning of Simpson's index) showed similar results: hedges supported a high -diversity but habitat types were quite similar overall, with weak differences between open and closed or disturbed and undisturbed habitats.A comparison of species dispersal powers in the various habitat types showed that species with a low dispersal power were rare in all habitats. However, wing development measured on two dimorphic species revealed, surprisingly, that brachypterous individuals were mainly present in hedges, which were expected a priori to be more disturbed, than remnants hence less suitable for the establishment of populations with a low dispersal power.These results suggest that small remnants do not behave as 'climax' habitats in this intensive agricultural landscape, probably because of their small size and strong isolation. We discuss the interest of new undisturbed habitats, such as recent hedges, for the maintenance of carabid diversity at both the local and landscape scale.     

黄瓜嫩果皮色与色素含量的关系

试材为不同皮色的8个黄瓜品种和以其为亲本配制的10个组合。将上述材料设区种植,每小区30株。先按果色差异对照色谱目测分类,再随机抽样测定色素含量。雌花开花至商品瓜成熟(约7～10 d)取样,沿果实纵向削下宽1 cm,厚0.2cm左右的表皮,用打孔器(直径0.56 cm)取圆片20片,在80％的丙酮液中遮光浸提24 h,用721型分光光度计比色。