Echinacoside promotes bone regeneration by increasing OPG/RANKL ratio in MC3T3-E1 cells

Echinacoside (ECH), isolated from Cistanche tubulosa (Schrenk) R. Wight stems, was subjected to in vitro experiments to investigate its bioactivities on proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of the osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. MTT assay, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition were determined, and the secretion of collagen I (COL I), osteocalcin (OCN), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) were also assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that ECH caused a significant increase in cell proliferation, ALP activity, COL I contents, OCN levels and an enhancement of mineralization in osteoblasts at the concentration range from 0.01 to 10 nmol·L^− 1 (p < 0.05), suggesting that ECH has a stimulatory effect on osteoblastic bone formation or has potential activity against osteoporosis. In addition, the ratio of OPG/RANKL also could be enhanced by ECH. These findings provide the potent evidence that ECH can promote bone regeneration in cultured osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, which might be done by elevating the OPG/RANKL ratio, and potential evidence for echinacoside to be a promising drug or a lead compound in the development of disease-modifying drug to prevent osteoporosis.     

Factors that impact on the ability of biofumigants to suppress fungal pathogens and weeds of strawberry

This research aimed at identifying factors that improve the efficacy of biofumigants for soil disinfestation against strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) pathogens and weeds. In laboratory bioassays, volatiles released from the macerated roots of a Brassica rapa/Brassica napus biofumigant crop were six times more effective at suppressing the growth of the strawberry pathogen Rhizoctonia fragariae than shoots. Furthermore, the toxicity of the volatiles from the biofumigant crop to R. fragariae increased as plant developmental stage progressed. These results related to the release of higher quantities and greater diversity of isothiocyanates (ITCs) from the roots of mature biofumigant plants than from their shoots. Separate bioassays showed that volatiles from the biofumigant crop suppressed the growth of six different soil-borne pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum dematium, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora cactorum, and R. fragariae) of strawberry and seven Trifolium spp. (clover) weeds. The suppression of Trifolium spp. by biofumigant volatiles did not relate to their seed size, but might relate to their hard-seededness or genotype. In the field, rotary incorporation of the biofumigant crop did not produce detectable levels of ITCs in soil; reduce the survival of the strawberry pathogens, P. cactorum and C. destructans; or affect populations of culturable soil microflora. Yet, it suppressed the growth of emerging weeds by 40% and the growth of P. cactorum by 20%. We hypothesise that allelochemicals other than ITCs, such as nitriles, or other biological mechanisms might also play a role in biofumigation. A key to improving the efficacy of biofumigation in the field seems to lie in the development of application technologies that can macerate and incorporate biofumigants evenly in soils, in addition to incorporating biofumigants under optimal edaphic conditions for release of ITCs.     

苯扎溴铵对几种淡水水生动物的急性毒性

采用静水生物毒性试验方法测试了苯扎溴铵对大型溞（Daphnia magna）,团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala）幼鱼、草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）幼鱼、田螺（Cipangopaludina cathayensis）、中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）芋期仔蟹和幼蟹的半致死浓度（LC50）及安全浓度（SC）。结果显示：大型溞的24、48、72、96h的LC50分别为0.56、0.34、0.19、0.13mg/L,团头鲂幼鱼的为1.53、1.44、1.38、1.31 mg/L,草鱼幼鱼的为4.59、4.42、4.36、4.23 mg/L,田螺的为15.21、10.52、7.76、5.01 mg/L,芋期仔蟹的为10.33、6.73、5.41、5.02 mg/L,幼蟹的为17.95、2.42、8.67、6.22 mg/L;SC分别为0.04、0.38、1.23、1.51、0.86、1.78 mg/L。根据SC高低,耐苯扎溴铵毒性能力依次为幼蟹＞田螺＞草鱼幼鱼＞Ⅲ期仔蟹＞团头鲂幼鱼＞大型溞。苯扎溴铵在防治固着类纤毛虫病泼洒浓度为0.35mg/L下时,不会对团头鲂幼鱼、草鱼幼鱼、田螺、Ⅲ期仔蟹和幼蟹产生毒性作用,而对大型溞会产生毒性杀死作用,池塘中可通过适量增加投饵量或投放其他饵料以补充减少的大型溞饵料生物数量。     

沸石的有机改性及其对苯酚的吸附机制研究

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)对人造沸石进行了改性,并研究了其对苯酚吸附性能.结果表明:将人造沸石用于处理含酚废水,必须先活化;活化沸石对CTMAB的吸附等温线类似于Langmuir型吸附;改性条件为:20℃,质量浓度为5 g/L的CTMAB溶液,间歇振荡24 h.改性沸石对水中苯酚的吸附规律较好的符合Henry吸附等温式,吸附作用机制为苯酚在沸石表面的有机相和溶液中的分配及双分子层正电性表面与苯酚之间的静电吸附作用.温度升高,吸附量减少.     

基于模糊数学法评价甲基溴及其替代技术

为履行《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》规定,运用模糊数学综合评判法,探讨了甲基溴及其替代技术在土壤熏蒸过程中的各项因素,构建了作物产量、作物品质、病虫害防治效果、技术安全、操作过程、环境影响、应用时长和投入成本8个指标集,并划分了模糊评判集,综合评估了生姜、草莓作物甲基溴及其替代技术。生姜作物综合评估结果为甲基溴(83.61)氯化苦(79.06)棉隆(78.03)威百亩(69.07),草莓作物综合评估结果为甲基溴(69.13)氯化苦(64.60)棉隆(56.80)。各单项指标评价结果表明,甲基溴在作物产量、作物品质、防治效果以及应用时长等4个指标上均高于各项替代技术,但由于自身毒性、对臭氧层物质消耗以及受生产管控等因素的影响,在其余指标上低于替代技术;氯化苦在作物产量、作物品质和病虫害防治效果等6项指标上均高于其他替代技术,但由于为剧毒农药,而在技术安全和操作过程2项指标上低于其余替代技术。以上结果表明,生姜作物和草莓作物主流替代技术的消毒效果并不具备甲基溴的广谱性,当前最佳替代技术为氯化苦。     

布地奈德混悬液联合沙丁胺醇、溴化异丙托品雾化吸入治疗儿童哮喘

目的：观察布地奈德混悬液联合沙丁胺醇、溴化异丙托品雾化吸入治疗哮喘的效果。方法：急诊哮喘患儿88例随机分为2组，布地奈德混悬液联合沙丁胺醇、溴化异丙托品雾化吸入组(A组)46例，沙丁胺醇、溴化异丙托品联合吸入组(B组)42例。2组均用单剂量空气压缩泵雾化吸入。记录吸药前后喘息、哮鸣音记分和呼气峰流速(PEF)的变化。结果：A组患儿喘息及哮鸣音记分别于吸药后90min开始低于B组，而PEF在吸药后90min开始高于B组。结论：布地奈德混悬液联合沙丁胺醇、溴化异丙托品雾化吸入治疗急性哮喘的效果优于沙丁胺醇联合溴化异丙托品吸入治疗。     

沸石微波改性及对废水中苯胺吸附的研究

用溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)在微波场中对沸石进行有机化,制得改性沸石,研究了改性沸石对废水中苯胺的吸附性能及影响因素。结果表明:改性沸石明显提高了对苯胺的吸附能力。当溶液pH为2、常温、振荡时间为2 h、改性沸石用量为50 g/L时,改性沸石对浓度为20 mg/L的苯胺的去除率达91.56%。改性沸石对苯胺的吸附规律较好的符合Freundlich吸附等温式。     

溴代十六烷基吡啶对月季切花的保鲜作用

[目的]探讨季铵盐化合物溴代十六烷基吡啶（CPB）对夏季月季鲜切花瓶插期间保鲜状况的影响。[方法]分别检测蒸馏水（对照）、30g/L蔗糖＋0.25g/L柠檬酸＋0.3g/L8-HQS（处理Ⅰ）、30g/L蔗糖＋0.25g/L柠檬酸＋0.3g/L8-HQS＋0.1g/LCPB（处理Ⅱ）瓶插液中微生物浓度,并且测定了各组月季鲜切花水分、衰老等生理指标和观赏价值。[结果]与不含CPB的处理Ⅰ相比,保鲜液中添加0.1g/LCPB（处理Ⅱ）瓶插液中微生物密度降低66.5%,花冠直径增大0.86cm,观赏寿命延长3.70d,切花后期的水分平衡和鲜重能较好地维持,花瓣衰老减缓。[结论]CPB作为可降解的杀菌剂对夏季月季切花具有较好的保鲜效果。     

[C8mim]Br对蚯蚓抗氧化系统的亚慢性毒性效应

以OECD标准的基质染毒法测定了离子液体溴化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑([C8mim]Br)对蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)的急性毒性效应和亚慢件毒性条件下蚯蚓体内CAT、SOD、GST的活性和GSH、MDA含量的变化,以期初步分析[C8mim]Br对蚯蚓抗氧化系统的作用及其毒性作用的可能机理.结果表明,[C8mim]Br对蚯蚓的7 d-LD50和14 d-LD50分别为206.8 mg·kg-1和159.4 mg·kg-1.亚慢件暴露42 d后蚯蚓体内CAT的活件受到显著抑制;SOD的活性在低浓度(1～5 mg·kg-1)受到抑制,高浓度(20～40 mg·kg-1)被激活;在高浓度处理组(20～40 mg·kg-1)GST的活性显著高于对照.10～40 mg·kg-1浓度的[C8mim]Br处理组GSH的含量显著升高,各处理组MDA含量与对照相比没有差异.推测[C8mim]Br可能通过肠道吸收进入蚯蚓体内,并诱导了蚯蚓体内抗氧化系统的反馈效应.     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应

以蛋白核小球藻为受试物,分别设0(CK)、0.06、0.12、0.18、0.24、0.30、0.36 mg/L十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)处理,考察CTAB对藻生长和生化指标的影响,分析其致毒机理。结果表明:CTAB对蛋白核小球藻96 h EC50值为0.17 mg/L;藻细胞叶绿素a、水溶性蛋白质含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随CTAB浓度增加呈先升后降趋势,当CTAB剂量≤0.06 mg/L时,叶绿素a含量略微上升,>0.06 mg/L时,叶绿素a含量急剧下降;CTAB剂量≤0.24 mg/L处理下蛋白质含量增加,CTAB剂量≥0.30 mg/L处理时水溶性蛋白含量低于对照组;除剂量≤0.06 mg/L处理外,SOD活性随CTAB剂量的增大呈下降趋势;脂质过氧化丙二醛(MDA)含量则随CTAB浓度增加逐渐上升;CTAB对蛋白核小球藻的致毒机理为通过破坏细胞膜完整性,抑制SOD活性,导致MDA含量持续上升。