小型无人直升机航向线性自抗扰控制

针对小型无人直升机航向系统存在内部不确定性和外部扰动大的问题,提出了一种基于线性自抗扰控制(LADRC)算法来实现航向通道高性能控制方法。首先,分析和推导了Trex-600型无人直升机的航向模型,并引入阵风模型模拟实际飞行环境。然后,根据LADRC的控制原理设计了基于二阶LADRC的航向控制系统,并利用人工蜂群算法对控制器参数进行了整定。最后,对所设计的控制策略进行了仿真分析与实验验证,实现了无人直升机航向通道的轨迹跟踪控制,并与常见的PID控制进行了比较。结果表明:设计的LADRC控制器鲁棒性好、响应时间快、控制精度高,能够使Trex-600型无人直升机的航向角快速、精确地跟踪参考轨迹。     

非热处理对蜂花粉杀菌效果及品质的影响

为探究更有利于保留蜂花粉原有营养和风味的杀菌方法,本研究分别用辐照、超高压和高压静电场3种非热杀菌技术处理蜂花粉,并测定营养及风味的指标。结果表明,7 kGy辐照、500 MPa超高压、30 kV高场强处理对蜂花粉中的微生物均有抑制作用,且辐照对细菌的抑制效果较好,超高压和高压静电场对真菌的抑制效果较好。经500 MPa超高压处理后,蜂花粉脂类含量增加了23.3%,酚酸等活性成分含量增加,且其抗氧化活性降低程度最小,颜色和风味最接近未处理蜂花粉;30 kV高场强处理后,蜂花粉抗氧化活性显著下降、颜色偏深偏暗;7 kGy辐照处理后产生了明显的辐照味。综上,蜂花粉经超高压灭菌能达到较好的杀菌效果,而且能最大限度保持蜂花粉原有品质。本研究为非热杀菌技术在蜂花粉加工产业中的应用提供了理论依据。     

AsKC11, a Kunitz Peptide from Anemonia sulcata,Is a Novel Activator of G Protein-Coupled Inward-Rectifier Potassium Channels

(1) Background: G protein-coupled inward-rectifier potassium (GIRK) channels, especially neuronal GIRK1/2 channels, have been the focus of intense research interest for developing drugs against brain diseases. In this context, venom peptides that selectively activate GIRK channels can be seen as a new source for drug development. Here, we report on the identification and electrophysiological characterization of a novel activator of GIRK1/2 channels, AsKC11, found in the venom of the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata. (2) Methods: AsKC11 was purified from the sea anemone venom by reverse-phase chromatography and the sequence was identified by mass spectrometry. Using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique, the activity of AsKC11 on GIRK1/2 channels was studied and its selectivity for other potassium channels was investigated. (3) Results: AsKC11, a Kunitz peptide found in the venom of A. sulcata, is the first peptide shown to directly activate neuronal GIRK1/2 channels independent from Gi/o protein activity, without affecting the inward-rectifier potassium channel (IRK1) and with only a minor effect on K_V1.6 channels. Thus, AsKC11 is a novel activator of GIRK channels resulting in larger K⁺ currents because of an increased chord conductance. (4) Conclusions: These discoveries provide new insights into a novel class of GIRK activators.     

南疆日光温室桃树熊蜂授粉试验初报

以新疆南疆日光温室桃和油桃为研究对象,进行熊蜂授粉技术试验.结果表明,熊蜂具有适合为设施作物授粉的形态结构和独特的生物学特性,在南疆日光温室中,出巢活动温度9～12℃,比蜜蜂低5～6℃,日工作时间比蜜蜂长2～3 h;熊蜂授粉的座果率比蜜蜂和人工授粉分别提高9.5;和47.3;;单位面积产量比蜜蜂授粉提高15.3;,单果重提高14.7;,果实可溶性固形物含量提高9.9;,从而提高果实品质和商品性.由此可见,熊蜂更适合在南疆设施环境中为桃树授粉.     

9种含阿维菌素或甲氨基阿维菌素的农药对蜜蜂安全性评价

参照《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,测定了9种含阿维菌素或甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的农药对蜜蜂的急性接触毒性和摄入毒性。结果表明:所有含阿维菌素或甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的农药对蜜蜂的急性接触和摄入毒性均为高毒。     

意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫饲粮的适宜亚硒酸钠添加水平

【目的】探索意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)工蜂幼虫日粮的适宜亚硒酸钠水平,为意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫发育阶段硒的营养需要提供依据。【方法】共取1 440只1日龄意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫并平均分为两批,每批720只,一批用于化蛹率、羽化率的测定,一批用于理化指标和分子指标的测定。两批幼虫均按单因素完全随机设计分成6组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂亚硒酸钠添加量为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg·kg~(-1)的日粮,每组5个重复,每个重复24只幼虫。取3、5、7日龄幼虫测定体重、总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase,PO)活性,取5日龄幼虫测定硒磷酸合成酶(selenide water dikinase,Sel D)、丝氨酰-t RNA合成酶(seryl-t RNA synthetase,Ser Rs)、SECIS-结合蛋白1(SECIS-binding protein 1,Sbp1)、SECIS-结合蛋白2(SECIS-binding protein 2,Sbp2)基因表达量;7日龄时统计化蛹率。【结果】与对照组相比,日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.2—0.6 mg·kg~(-1)时显著提高了幼虫的T-AOC(P0.05),日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.2—0.8 mg·kg~(-1)时显著提高了幼虫的T-SOD活性(P0.05),各试验组均显著降低了幼虫的MDA含量(P0.05)。日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.4 mg·kg~(-1)时幼虫的PO活性显著高于对照(P0.05)。日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.6 mg·kg~(-1)时5日龄幼虫的Sel D、Ser Rs、Sbp1、Sbp2基因表达水平显著高于对照(P0.05)。日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.4 mg·kg~(-1)时幼虫化蛹前体重显著高于对照(P0.05)。与对照组相比,日粮添加亚硒酸钠水平为0.2 mg·kg~(-1)时,幼虫化蛹率显著提高(P0.05)。【结论】人工饲养条件下基础日粮硒水平为0.21 mg·kg~(-1)时,根据幼虫化蛹前体重、化蛹率做拟合曲线得出意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫日粮适宜亚硒酸钠添加水平为0.24—0.33 mg·kg~(-1),即意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫的适宜硒水平为0.32—0.36 mg·kg~(-1)。     

Autofertility and Bee Visitation in Winter and Spring Genotypes of Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)

Differences in the expression of autofertility and in the evidence of attractiveness to bees were investigated in both autumn-sown and spring-sown faba beans. All six winter stocks and one spring stock expressed very little autofertility, with averages of only 10% of flowers and 7% of ovules fertilized when undisturbed. Three other spring stocks, including a closed-flower population, were moderately autofertile, with 22% of flowers and 17% of ovules fertilized when undisturbed. The remaining two spring stocks, both English cultivars, expressed good autofertility, with 50% of undisturbed flowers and 44% of ovules fertilized. Current levels of autofertility in the winter and closed-flower stocks were inadequate to allow the development of a desirable distribution of pods without substantial bee visitation. If levels of autofertility could be raised simply by selection within populations, then they should have been much higher in these stocks. Therefore, autofertile parents will probably have to be included in programmes for breeding cultivars with improved levels of auto fertility. The closed-flower population received significantly less bee visitation than the other stocks in the spring trial. No variation in attractiveness to bees was found among the open-flowered spring stocks, nor among the winter stocks.     

蜜蜂白垩病的草药防治研究

以意大利蜜蜂和蜜蜂球囊菌为主要试验材料,通过记录外界温湿度、幼虫脾的温湿度、蜂群的储蜜量和储粉量以及发病幼虫数,研究养蜂生产中白垩病发病时上述指标的变化趋势,并进行了相关性分析;以桧木、喜久二醇、黄藤碱和蛇床四种中草药制剂以及蜜蜂球囊菌为主要的试验材料,研究实验室条件下这四种中草药制剂对蜜蜂球囊菌生长的抑制作用。结果显示:试验组内,外界湿度、幼虫脾温度、储蜜量与发病幼虫数之间的相关性显著;对照组内,外界湿度与发病幼虫数之间的相关性显著;在6.5%、5.0%、3.5%、2.0%和0.5%5个浓度的药剂溶液中,喜久二醇、黄藤碱、蛇床3种中草药制剂对蜜蜂球囊菌没有抑制作用;而桧木在5.0%的溶液浓度上表现出一定的抑菌作用。结果表明,蜜蜂白垩病的发病与食物储蜜量、外界湿度和幼虫脾温度有关,而蜂群的食物储备量是导致白垩病发生的关键诱发因素;桧木中草药制剂对蜜蜂球囊菌的生长有一定的抑制作用。