平湖浆蜂与苏王1号遗传多样性的微卫星DNA分析

利用6对微卫星DNA标记对平湖浆蜂与苏王1号两个蜜蜂品种进行遗传多样性分析，评估品种内的遗传变异和品种间的遗传分化。结果表明：共检测到40个等位基因，每个位点的等位基因数从4~10不等，所有位点平均的期望杂合度和多态信息含量值分别为0.5078和0.4708。平湖浆蜂和苏王1号6个微卫星位点平均有效等位基因数分别为5.67和5.17，平均基因杂合度为0.4981和0.5007，群体分化系数为3.7％，2个品种间的Reynolds’遗传距离和Nm分别为0.03770和6.507。2个蜜蜂品种均表现出较高的群体杂合度和丰富的遗传多样性。     

Experimental study on the toxicity of imidacloprid given in syrup to honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies

Two groups of eight honey bee colonies were fed with two different concentrations of imidacloprid in saccharose syrup during summer (each colony was given 1 litre of saccharose syrup containing 0.5 microg litre(-1) or 5 microg litre(-1) of imidacloprid on 13 occasions). Their development and survival were followed in parallel with control hives (unfed or fed with saccharose syrup) until the end of the following winter. The parameters followed were: adult bee activity (number of bee entering the hive and pollen carrying activity), adult bee population level, capped brood area, frequency of parasitic and other diseases, mortality, number of frames with brood after wintering and a global score of colonies after wintering. The only parameters linked to feeding with imidacloprid-supplemented saccharose syrup when compared with feeding with non-supplemented syrup were: a statistically non-significant higher activity index of adult bees, a significantly higher frequency of pollen carrying during the feeding period and a larger number of capped brood cells. When imidacloprid was no longer applied, activity and pollen carrying were re-established at a similar level for all groups. Repeated feeding with syrup supplemented with imidacloprid did not provoke any immediate or any delayed mortality before, during or following the next winter, whereas such severe effects are described by several French bee keepers as a consequence of imidacloprid use for seed dressing in neighbouring cultures. In any case, during the whole study, mortality was very low in all groups, with no difference between imidacloprid-fed and control colonies. Further research should now address several hypotheses: the troubles described by bee keepers have causes other than imidacloprid; if such troubles are really due to this insecticide, they may only be observed either when bees consume contaminated pollen, when no other sources of food are available, in the presence of synergic factors (that still need to be identified), with some particular races of bees or when colonies are not strong and healthy.     

茶（Camellia sinensis）蜂花粉与蜂粮中花粉形态和营养成分的比较

采用扫描电子显微镜观察茶蜂花粉和不同酿制时间的蜂蜂中花粉粒外部形态和萌发沟,没有发现花粉的细胞壁和细胞结构被破坏的迹象,花粉粒在蜂粮酿制过程中外部形态保持不变。通过体外模拟消化试验和光学显微镜观察,发现蜂粮中花粉粒内含物外吐的数量比蜂花粉多,而且在蜂粮酿制过程中,随着时间的延长,其内含物外吐的花粉粒所占的比例增加,花粉内含物外吐使花粉更易于被破壁和消化。蜂花粉和蜂粮中营养成分测定结果表明,蜂粮配制初期,由于蜜蜂的添加物和乳酸发酵的作用,其蛋白质、总糖含量比蜂花粉高;随着配制时间的延长,蜂粮中营养成分有下降的趋势。     

三品系西方蜜蜂基因组DNA多态性分析研究（二）

采用９种随机引物（Ｋ,５’－ＣＧＧＣＣＣＣＴＧＴ－３’;５’－ＣＡＧＣＧＧＴＡＣＣ－３’;５’－ＡＣＣＡＧＧＴＴＧＧ－３’,５’－ＧＴＣＧＧＡＡＴＴＣ－３’;５’－ＣＧＧＣＣＣＣＧＧＴ－３’;Ｘ,５’－ＧＴＡＧＴＣＡＣＡＣ－３’;Ｙ,５’－ＣＴＧＣＡＧＧＡＣＡ－３’;Ｚ,５’－ＣＧＧＣＣＣＧＧＴＡ－３’）和ＰＣＲ技术扩增不同产蜜量的三品系西峰（喀尼阿兰、平湖、美意的ＤＮＡ基因组。结果Ｋ引物在高产蜜     

营养杂交对工蜂初生重的影响

为寻找蜜蜂营养杂交的潜在规律,将中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana ceranaFabricius,简称中蜂)和意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligusticaSpinola,简称意蜂)进行营养杂交,测量其营养杂交后代工蜂的初生重,结果表明,营养杂交中蜂第1代工蜂初生重(99.58±5.70)mg比中蜂亲本对照组工蜂初生重(89.5±4.3)mg增加10.08 mg,两者差异极显著(P<0.01);营养杂交意蜂第1代工蜂初生重(109.19±6.22)mg比意蜂亲本对照组工蜂初生重(134.8±8.7)mg减小了25.61 mg,两者差异也是极显著(P<0.01)。但营养杂交各代工蜂初生重之间差异不显著。     

Emerging and re-emerging viruses of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Until the late 1980s, specific viral infections of the honey bee were generally considered harmless in all countries. Then, with the worldwide introduction of the ectoparasite mite Varroa destructor, beekeepers encountered increasing difficulties in maintaining their colonies. Epidemiological surveys and laboratory experiments have demonstrated that the newly acquired virulence of several viruses belonging to the family Dicistroviridae (acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir bee virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus) in Europe and the USA had been observed in relation with V. destructor acting as a disseminator of these viruses between and within bee colonies and as an activator of virus multiplication in the infected individuals: bee larvae and adults. Equal emphasis is given to deformed wing virus (DWV) belonging to the Iflaviridae. Overt outbreaks of DWV infections have been shown to be linked to the ability of V. destructor to act not only as a mechanical vector of DWV but also as a biological vector. Its replication in mites prior to its vectoring into pupae seemed to be necessary and sufficient for the induction of a overt infection in pupae developing in non-viable bees with deformed wings. DWV in V. destructor infested colonies is now considered as one of the key players of the final collapse. Various approaches for combating bee viral diseases are described: they include selection of tolerant bees, RNA interference and prevention of new pathogen introduction. None of these approaches are expected to lead to enhanced bee-health in the short term.     

不同种松树对松树蜂毒素抗性的初步研究

松树蜂(Sirex noctilio Fabricius)是一种重要的国际检疫性蛀干害虫。目前在我国松树蜂潜在寄主范围内,不同树种对松树蜂毒素抗性之间的差异尚不明确。本文以室内栽培的2~3 a生油松、樟子松、红松、湿地松、马尾松及雪松这6种树种为供试寄主,培育3个月后分别接种毒素、毒素真菌混合液并测定每株枝条针叶的RGB值以及叶绿素含量。结果表明,形态上油松和樟子松幼苗接种毒素、毒素真菌混合液后一段时间内,均出现了比较明显的针叶枯黄、脱落的现象,且混合组长势萎蔫,脱落严重,对照组无明显变化。马尾松幼苗只有接种混合液后变化明显,雪松、红松、湿地松接种后长势强劲,长出新芽。从数值化的角度,油松和樟子松幼苗接种毒素、毒素和真菌混合液后,针叶的RGB值减小及叶绿素含量值显著降低。马尾松幼苗只有接种混合液后,RGB值和叶绿素含量才减小。雪松、红松、湿地松接种毒素以及毒素真菌混合液后,RGB值及叶绿素含量均没有明显变化。以上可以看出樟子松和油松对于松树蜂毒素、毒素真菌混合液的抗性较弱,马尾松对松树蜂毒素具有一定的抗性,对毒素真菌混合液的抗性较弱,红松、湿地松、雪松对两者都具有一定的抗性。该结果可为明确松树蜂在我国潜在的寄主范围及寄主选择性提供科学依据。     

中华蜜蜂的人工分蜂技术

中华蜜蜂对南方环境条件有极强的适应能力,在南方各丘陵及山区分布广泛,但易产生自然分峰。该文介绍了中华蜜峰养殖过程中的人工分蜂技术及人工分蜂后的管理。