双峰驼骨质疏松症的病因学和病理学研究

长期以来，在内蒙和甘肃部分沙漠草场放牧的驼群中存在一种以消瘦、异嗜、运动跛行和严重骨折倾向为主要特征的代谢性疾病。为确定其病性和地球化学病因，进行了环境土壤、牧草和饮水及机体血、毛和部分组织的矿物元素分析以及组织的病理形态学研究。结果表明，病区土壤和牧草中的磷含量分别为４２３±１３．５μｇ／ｇ和３７９±２７．４μｇ／ｇ干物质，显著低于正常区（Ｐ＜０．０１）。牧草中的钙：磷比为４９．８∶１。病驼血、毛及肋骨磷含量分别为２５３±７２．４μｇ／ｍｌ、９８．４±２１．７μｇ／ｇ和３２．０±９．１８ｍｇ／ｇ，显著低于正常驼（Ｐ＜０．０１）。病区土壤、牧草和病驼肝、肾及肋骨中铜含量与正常相比显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），但肝铜含量却高于报道的正常值。全身性骨损伤是本病最大的病理特征，最严重的是肋骨、髋骨和下颌骨。病理组织学证明这种损伤为典型的骨质疏松。肝、肾、心和中枢神经系统也有一定的病理学变化，但牙齿未受损伤。因此认为，该病为一种主要由磷缺乏引起的骨质疏松症，铜缺乏在其发生中也有一定的作用     

Seasonal morphology and immunoreactivity of cytokeratin and atrial natriuretic peptide in dromedary camel poll glands

Poll glands are characteristic feature of dromedary camels; although they yield a yellowish offensive secretion, especially during rutting (breeding) season, their function is not yet exactly specified. The present study shows the seasonal morphology and immunoreactivity of cytokeratin (CK) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the camel poll gland; the result could clearly specify the role of the gland in camel reproduction. Poll glands are compound tubulo-alveolar in structure. During rutting season, the secretory units showed wide lumina and simple squamous epithelium surrounded by myoepithelial cells; the lumina became narrower and the epithelium changed to simple cuboidal during non-rutting season. Many glandular lobules showed abundant interlobular connective tissue with fewer and smaller secretory units during non-rutting season compared to rutting season. Positive CK and ANP immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of secretory units and ducts together with the myoepithelial cells and blood vessels. Although CK immunoreactivity was more intense during rutting season in comparison to non-rutting season, there was no seasonal variation in ANP immunoreactivity. During both seasons, while the glandular capsule, connective tissue septa, interstitium showed negative CK immunoreactions, they reacted moderately to ANP. In conclusion, the poll gland undergoes annual structural and functional changes which are suggested to correlate with the male seasonal sexual behaviour. Further, the biological role of CK and ANP proteins together with their immunohistochemical expression in the camel poll gland suggests a stimulatory effect in the glandular secretory cells, and hence, they might modify camel sexual activity.     

双峰驼后足近趾节间关节解剖

解剖成年双峰驼后足近趾并联是关节８个,并与马、牛、羊、猪、犬等动物的对等器官相比较。结果发现,双峰驼后足之趾关节在形态结构方面的显著特征是缺乏跖侧韧带,这与一般有蹄类差异较大,而与趾行动物类似。     

不同牧场及饲养方式下阿拉善双峰驼乳脂肪酸特征及产地溯源研究

为研究距离较近的不同牧场及不同饲养方式下双峰驼乳脂肪酸特征,并建立产地溯源模型,本试验从内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗采集5个牧场共139份双峰驼乳样品,用气相色谱法测定驼乳中脂肪酸含量,并利用脂肪酸指纹特征建立不同牧场及不同饲养方式下驼乳的溯源模型。结果表明,不同牧场及不同饲养方式下的驼乳中含量较高的脂肪酸为棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸及肉豆蔻酸。相比谷饲,草饲方式下驼乳的饱和脂肪酸(SFA):单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA):多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比例(S:M:P为12:6:1)更接近联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)建议的居民膳食S:M:P比例(1:1:1),更符合居民营养需求。建立的不同牧场及饲养方式下驼乳的溯源模型交叉验证准确率分别为82.7%及95.0%。此外,硬脂酸、棕榈油酸、木焦油酸、豆蔻油酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳二烯酸、十七烷酸、亚油酸、花生酸、γ-亚麻酸、花生二烯酸、十五烷酸、反亚油酸、二十碳烯酸及二十一烷酸是鉴别牧场来源的关键重要性因子,二十碳五烯酸、二十碳烯酸、十五烷酸、木焦油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈油酸、十三烷酸、十五碳烯酸、十七碳烯酸、花生酸、二十一烷酸、豆蔻油酸及肉豆蔻酸是鉴别不同饲养方式的关键重要性因子。综上,脂肪酸指纹分析法可有效鉴别短距离的双峰驼乳来源,为双峰驼乳近距离的产地溯源及真实性鉴别提供了技术支持。     

驼蹄仿生轮胎对整车牵引性能影响的相似模拟研究

与普通轮胎相比 ,驼蹄仿生轮胎具有较好的牵引性能。为考察装备驼蹄仿生轮胎的整车牵引性能 ,在车辆行走机构沙地试验台上对驼蹄仿生轮胎进行了重复通过牵引性能试验 ,研究了驼蹄仿生轮胎的载荷、气压、滑转率和侧缘对其牵引系数和牵引效率的影响。根据相似理论 ,对装备驼蹄仿生轮胎的整车牵引性能进行了模型和原型相似分析。研究表明 ,一定工况下整车的牵引性能可用单个驼蹄仿生轮胎的重复通过性能来预测。     

双峰驼前肢骨骼解剖

运用大体解剖学方法,对双峰驼前肢骨骼进行了研究,并与单峰驼、马和牛的前肢骨骼作了比较。双峰驼肩岬冈高、厚,启峰较长;肢骨粗大,其近侧端大结节较小,远侧端内、外侧髁上均无滑液窝,桡尺骨间除了一个前臂近侧骨间隙外,还有两个前臂远侧骨间隙;掌骨由同等发达的第三、四掌骨融合而成;中间腕骨呈楔形;远侧指节骨呈短小的三棱锥体形,其伸腱突、屈腱面均不明显;无远侧籽骨。     

双峰驼贲门腺区黏膜组织学与组织化学研究

采用组织学和组织化学研究方法对双峰驼贲门腺区黏膜的宏观和微观结构进行了详细观察，明确了二者之间的关系及黏膜上皮和腺上皮的糖共轭物性质。结果表明，双峰驼贲门腺区黏膜表面形态结构复杂，明显不同于其他动物，由网状黏膜褶区和高而密集的纵行黏膜褶区构成，前者面积小，后者面积大，它们约占皱胃面积的4／5。虽然贲门腺区宏观分两个区域，但二者微观结构相同。黏膜表面上皮、胃小凹上皮均为柱状上皮，二者均具有很强的分泌中性糖和酸性糖共轭物的功能，前者以中性为主。贲门腺由柱状上皮、亲银细胞和少量壁细胞构成(邻近胃底腺处)，为少分支的单管腺，主要分泌酸性糖共轭物，并含有丰富的活性很高的非特异性酯酶。同时还发现在贲门腺区有一带状集合淋巴小结区，说明贲门腺区黏膜还是一个重要的免疫部位。此外，本文还对双峰驼胃有腺部不同区域糖共轭物呈色结果进行了比较和总结。     

双峰驼腋动脉解剖

本文研究了双峰驼腋动脉（６个前肢，左右各３个）的走行路线及其分支分布的情况，结果表明：腋动脉在胸腔入口处，斜角肌止点腱腹侧缘承接锁骨下动脉之后，有腋静脉与之并行，伸延途中分出的侧支有胸廓外动脉、肩胛上动脉、肩胛下动脉等，在肩关节肌远端内侧分出肩胛下动脉后向腹侧折转成为臂动脉。有时还分出肩胛前动脉。     

Isolation,identification and associated risk factors of non‐tuberculous mycobacteria infection in humans and dromedary camels in Samburu County,Kenya

Non‐tuberculous mycobacteria are of public health significance, and zoonotic infection is attributed to the sociocultural practice of consumption of raw milk and the close human–livestock contact in pastoral communities. This study aimed at isolation, identification of mycobacteria from human sputum and camel milk and risk factors assessment in Samburu East, Kenya. Six hundred and twelve camels and 48 people presumed to have tuberculosis (TB) from 86 households in Wamba and Waso regions were screened. Camels were categorized into Somali, Turkana and Rendile breeds. Single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) was used as a herd‐screening test on lactating camels and a milk sample collected from reactive camels. Sputum samples were collected from eligible members of participating households. A standard questionnaire on possible risk factors for both humans and camels was administered to respective household heads or their representatives. Total camel skin test reactors were 238/612 (38.9%). Milk and sputum samples were analysed at KEMRI/TB research laboratory for microscopy, GeneXpert^®, culture and identification. Isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at Inqaba biotec in South Africa. Sixty‐four isolates were acid‐fast bacilli (AFB) positive of which M. fortuitum (3), M. szulgai (20), M. monacense (5), M. lehmanni (4), M. litorale (4), M. elephantis (3), M. duvalii (3), M. brasiliensis (1), M. arcueilense (1) and M. lentiflavum (1) were from milk; M. fortuitum (1), M. szulgai (2) and M. litorale (1) were from humans. Risk factors included the following: Turkana breed (OR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.2–9.3), replacements from outside the County (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 0.3–12.3), presence of other domestic species (small stock; OR = 4.6) and replacement from within the herd (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 0.7–14.7). Zoonotic risk practices included raw milk consumption, shared housing and handling camels. Monitoring of zoonotic NTM through surveillance and notification systems is required.     

Cloning and phylogenetic analysis of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from Indian dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius)

The cDNAs of two proinflammatory cytokines viz., IL-6 and TNF-α from dromedarian camels were amplified by PCR using bactrian camel sequences and subsequently cloned for sequence analysis. Relationship based on amino acid revealed that dromedarian camel IL-6 shared 99.5% identity both at nucleotide and amino acid level with bactrian camel IL-6 and in case of TNF-α, the identity of dromedarian camel was 99.4% and 99.1% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively with that of bactrian camel. Phylogenetic analysis based on their amino acid sequences indicated the close relationship in these cytokine genes between dromedarian camel and other members of camelids.