Histological and immunohistochemical investigations of ovarian interstitial glands during non‐breeding season in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

The aim of this was to investigate the histology and immunohistochemistry of interstitial glands during non‐breeding season in camel ovaries. A total of 21 mature, non‐pregnant and apparently healthy camels aged between 8 and 12 years were slaughtered. The ovaries were removed within 15 min, cleaned from adipose tissue, weighted and examined grossly. The histological preparation was made, and then, the blocks were cut at 3–5 microns thickness and stained by H&E for histological examinations. Moreover, some sections were stained with Sudan Black for lipid detection. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin‐embedded ovarian tissues was performed to detect the localization of S‐100, vimentin, progesterone receptors (PR) and oestrogen receptors (ER). Immunoreactive signals were detected using UltraVision Detection System. The results revealed that the interstitial glands were located in the cortical region and they were arranged in various arrangements either single, in couple or in groups rich in lipid droplet. All interstitial gland arrangements were enclosed by connective tissue capsules containing fibroblasts and collagenous fibres separated them from the surrounding ovarian structures. Both interstitial glands and their surrounding CT were penetrated by several blood vessels. There was a strong immunoreactive signal for S‐100 in the nuclei of interstitial cells, and no signals were detected either in cells of the interstitial glands or their connective tissue with PR. We could conclude that the interstitial gland is distinct in ovary of camel and further studies are needed to elucidate its rule in steroid synthesis.     

骆驼尿液对预防CCl_4诱导小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

试验旨在研究骆驼尿液对预防四氯化碳(CCl_4)诱导小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。将40只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常组,模型组,骆驼尿液低剂量组(170 mg/kg)、中剂量组(340 mg/kg)和高剂量组(500 mg/kg),3组骆驼尿液组灌胃相应剂量的骆驼尿液,正常组和模型组灌胃等量的生理盐水,每日灌胃1次,连续14 d;试验末期,除正常组外(橄榄油),各组小鼠腹腔注射20%CCl_4橄榄油混合溶液,建立小鼠急性肝损伤模型;12 h后摘眼球取血和采集肝脏样本,并记录肝脏重量,计算肝脏指数;测定小鼠血清相关指标,并进行肝脏组织病理切片检查。结果显示,与模型组比较,低、中、高剂量骆驼尿液组小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性及总胆红素(TBIL)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、葡萄糖(GLU)含量较模型组均明显降低,白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)含量升高,且高剂量组效果较好;而小鼠肝脏病理学切片观察显示,骆驼尿液组均有不同程度的改善,其中高剂量骆驼尿液组小鼠肝脏组织病理学损伤明显减轻,与正常组的肝脏组织形态接近。比较低、中、高3种浓度骆驼尿液处理发现,浓度越高治疗效果越好,说明骆驼尿液治疗效果具有剂量依赖性。综上所述,骆驼尿液对CCl_4诱导小鼠肝损伤具有一定的预防保护作用,且高剂量骆驼尿液组的效果较好。     

Analysis on the Genetic Diversity of Six Bactrian Camel Populations in China Using Microsatellite Marker

In order to understand the genetic diversity of Bactrian camel and the genetic evolutionary relationships between different populations,the genetic diversity of Alashan camel, Qinghai camel, Nanjiang camel, Beijiang camel, Subei camel and Sunite camel populations in China were analyzed using 10 microsatellite markers. By calculating heterozygosity (H), polymorphism information content (PIC), effective allele (Ne), Shannon information index, the genetic variation within populations were analyzed. By calculating the F-statistics, gene flow, genetic differentiation coefficient and genetic distance to analyze the genetic relationship between populations. The results showed that 89 alleles were tested at the 10 microsatellite loci,8.9 alleles were tested at every locus in average. All loci were medium-highly polymorphic loci (except YWLL08),the average PIC of the Bactrian camel population was between 0.488 to 0.752. The observed heterozygosity (0.355 to 0.448) of 6 Bactrian camel populations was lower than the expected heterozygosity (0.643 to 0.703). Almost all loci Shannon index was greater than 1,and most of loci were in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. The genetic differentiation coefficient between groups (Fst) value was 0.059 and in the low degree of moderately differentiated state. The average Fis values of 6 Bactrian camel populations were positive which suggested 6 Bactrian camel populations had different levels of inbreeding. The standard genetic distance (D_S) and genetic distance T (D_A) clustering analysis showed that the Nanjiang camel and Beijiang camel jointed as one group, the Alxa camel, Qinghai camel, Subei camel, Sunite camel jointed as the other group. Research showed that Chinese Bactrian camel was abundant in genetic diversity, genetic variation within population was larger, and there was a phenomenon of inbreeding. There was a certain gene flow between populations, the differentiation of populations were mainly caused by genetic variation within population. 6 Chinese Bactrian camel populations were divided into two groups.     

中国骆驼驯化起源的考古学观察简

目前家养骆驼在中国最早出自新疆轮台县群巴克墓地,年代在公元前800年左右,可确认最迟在西周晚期中国新疆北部地区已驯养有双峰驼。与中亚地区相比,中国相关考古材料年代明显偏晚,结合国内外已有的考古学证据和分子生物学研究成果,中国家养双峰驼的起源从境外传入的可能性较大。具体传入路线方面,新疆北部可能并非最初传入地点,相反内蒙古和甘青地区值得重点关注。     

双峰驼尘肺研究

用光镜、电镜、电子探针微分析仪及原子发射光谱仪（ＩＣＰ）等，对内蒙古阿拉善右旗和甘肃民勤县的共４８例双峰驼的肺脏、支气管淋巴结及纵隔淋巴结进行了研究。结果表明，４８例的支气管淋巴结和纵隔淋巴结均有程度不等的尘沉着变化，其中１３例肺脏有程度不等的尘肺病变。肺脏的尘肺病变主要为局灶型，尘灶与尘细胞结节呈星散状分布，多位于细支管周围、肺泡隔和肺胸膜结缔组织。病变部常有程度不等的慢性炎症，少数病例发生灶性纤维化。电镜观察发现，淋巴结中，尘细胞的线粒体空泡化，内质网扩张，尘粒积聚体处细胞器完全破坏。元素分析表明，肺和淋巴结中的粉尘多为铝硅酸盐类化合物。作者认为，双峰驼铝硅酸盐尘肺的发生同该地区大气环境浮尘含量过高有关。但骆驼尘肺的病变比马的轻，这主要与骆驼呼吸道和肺脏有较完善的除尘机构有关。     

双峰驼肾动脉血管分布的铸型观察

运用管道铸型技术以及扫描电镜技术对双峰驼肾动脉血管进行了系统观察.结果显示,双峰驼肾动脉在入肾门前约4～8 cm处分为背干和腹干,入肾后在肾窦内相继形成肾段动脉.左右两肾段动脉的分支分布各有特点,各段动脉分支延伸至肾的皮髓交界处,形成弓形动脉;弓形动脉是叶间动脉的延续,并不与肾表面相平行;肾血管球以及出、入球微动脉因分布区域的不同,形态结构也不尽一致.表明,双峰驼肾各段动脉分布的规律性强,段动脉分支之间没有吻合支存在;肾各部位的血管球随分布区域的不同,其形态结构也呈现一定的变化.     

雌性空怀双峰驼生殖道的形态结构

应用组织学方法观察了雌性空怀双峰驼生殖道的形态结构。结果显示，双峰驼生殖道的基本结构与其他哺乳动物相似，但微细结构有差异。双峰驼输卵管粘膜皱襞极其发达，分支多而呈复杂的网状迷路。皱襞基部的迷路酷似固有膜而存在腺体，迷路网格内常见细胞团块。虽然双峰驼怀孕时胎儿位于左侧子宫角，但左、右子宫角以及子宫体的组织结构基本相同。子宫内膜无肉阜，上皮下陷于固有膜内，形成大量长而弯曲的单管状腺。子宫颈固有膜浅层分布有许多小腺体，深层分布有成群的较大腺体。这些腺体为分支管状腺，腺上皮PAS强阳性。阴道粘膜上皮为复层上皮。从输卵管到阴道，粘膜上皮主要为单层柱状上皮，由纤毛细胞和分泌细胞组成，局部可见假复层柱状纤毛上皮。纤毛细胞由前向后逐渐减少，但在子宫颈仍可见到。粘膜上皮和腺上皮内夹有许多淋巴细胞或中性粒细胞，后段局部甚至见到这些免疫细胞浸润于上皮细胞间。固有膜内分布有大量淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、肥大细胞、浆细胞和巨噬细胞，有时出现淋巴滤泡。     

双峰驼诱导排卵机理的研究Ⅲ--双峰驼诱导排卵因子分布与代谢途径的研究

从公驼精清内经DEAE－DE52柱上分离的诱志排卵活性蛋白（Ovulation-inducing bioactive protein,OIP)应用^125I标记后输入母驼阴道，通过血液循环到达垂体。经测定，OIP遍布母驼体内各脏器，其中以垂体、肝脏、心脏、舌肌等浓度较高，而在眼角膜、耳尖部以及被毛中含量很少。消除半衰期长达72.6h，其代谢主要经肝胆排泄，也有部分活性蛋白通过泌尿、生殖道排泄。     

双峰驼骨质疏松症的病因学和病理学研究

长期以来，在内蒙和甘肃部分沙漠草场放牧的驼群中存在一种以消瘦、异嗜、运动跛行和严重骨折倾向为主要特征的代谢性疾病。为确定其病性和地球化学病因，进行了环境土壤、牧草和饮水及机体血、毛和部分组织的矿物元素分析以及组织的病理形态学研究。结果表明，病区土壤和牧草中的磷含量分别为４２３±１３．５μｇ／ｇ和３７９±２７．４μｇ／ｇ干物质，显著低于正常区（Ｐ＜０．０１）。牧草中的钙：磷比为４９．８∶１。病驼血、毛及肋骨磷含量分别为２５３±７２．４μｇ／ｍｌ、９８．４±２１．７μｇ／ｇ和３２．０±９．１８ｍｇ／ｇ，显著低于正常驼（Ｐ＜０．０１）。病区土壤、牧草和病驼肝、肾及肋骨中铜含量与正常相比显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），但肝铜含量却高于报道的正常值。全身性骨损伤是本病最大的病理特征，最严重的是肋骨、髋骨和下颌骨。病理组织学证明这种损伤为典型的骨质疏松。肝、肾、心和中枢神经系统也有一定的病理学变化，但牙齿未受损伤。因此认为，该病为一种主要由磷缺乏引起的骨质疏松症，铜缺乏在其发生中也有一定的作用     

Seasonal morphology and immunoreactivity of cytokeratin and atrial natriuretic peptide in dromedary camel poll glands

Poll glands are characteristic feature of dromedary camels; although they yield a yellowish offensive secretion, especially during rutting (breeding) season, their function is not yet exactly specified. The present study shows the seasonal morphology and immunoreactivity of cytokeratin (CK) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the camel poll gland; the result could clearly specify the role of the gland in camel reproduction. Poll glands are compound tubulo-alveolar in structure. During rutting season, the secretory units showed wide lumina and simple squamous epithelium surrounded by myoepithelial cells; the lumina became narrower and the epithelium changed to simple cuboidal during non-rutting season. Many glandular lobules showed abundant interlobular connective tissue with fewer and smaller secretory units during non-rutting season compared to rutting season. Positive CK and ANP immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of secretory units and ducts together with the myoepithelial cells and blood vessels. Although CK immunoreactivity was more intense during rutting season in comparison to non-rutting season, there was no seasonal variation in ANP immunoreactivity. During both seasons, while the glandular capsule, connective tissue septa, interstitium showed negative CK immunoreactions, they reacted moderately to ANP. In conclusion, the poll gland undergoes annual structural and functional changes which are suggested to correlate with the male seasonal sexual behaviour. Further, the biological role of CK and ANP proteins together with their immunohistochemical expression in the camel poll gland suggests a stimulatory effect in the glandular secretory cells, and hence, they might modify camel sexual activity.