开垦对盐渍化弃耕地土壤细菌群落组成和结构的影响

【目的】新疆盐碱弃耕地开垦后用于棉花的种植,研究比较开垦前后土壤细菌群落的变化,分析开垦对土壤质量和功能的影响。【方法】通过Illumina MiSeq测序,比较弃耕地与开垦后种植棉花的土壤细菌群落的组成和多样性;探索菌群所具有的特定功能。【结果】开垦显著地降低了土壤电导率和速效钾含量,显著地增加了土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量。弃耕地开垦为棉田后增加了细菌物种的丰富度和多样性。Proteobacteria和Firmicutes是弃耕地土壤中主要的细菌门。开垦降低了Firmicutes的相对丰度,但是增加了Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria和Actinobacteria的相对丰度。聚类分析显示弃耕地与开垦后农田的细菌群落有明显的差异性。【结论】开垦后进行棉花生产提高了土壤理化特性,改变了土壤细菌群落组成和结构。     

Marker-Assisted Selection of Xa21 Conferring Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Blight in indica Rice Cultivar LT2

Bacterial leaf blight of rice (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is one of the most destructive diseases in Asian rice fields. A high-quality rice variety, LT2, was used as the recipient parent. IRBB21, which carries the Xa21 gene, was used as the donor parent. The resistance gene Xa21 was introduced into LT2 by marker-assisted backcrossing. Three Xoo races were used to inoculate the improved lines following the clipping method. Eleven BC₃F₃ lines carrying Xa21 were obtained based on molecular markers and agronomic performance. The 11 lines were then inoculated with the three Xoo races. All the 11 improved lines showed better resistance to BLB than the recipient parent LT2. Based on the level of resistance to BLB and their agronomic performance, five lines (BC₃F₃ 5.1.5.1, BC₃F₃ 5.1.5.12, BC₃F₃ 8.5.6.44, BC₃F₃ 9.5.4.1 and BC₃F₃ 9.5.4.23) were selected as the most promising for commercial release. These improved lines could contribute to rice production in terms of food security.     

Limited performance of MALDI‐TOF for identification of fish Aeromonas isolates at species level

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the MALDI‐TOF MS to identify 151 isolates of Aeromonas obtained mostly from diseased fish. MALDI‐TOF MS correctly identified all isolates to the genus level but important differences in the percentage of isolates correctly identified depending on the species were observed. Considering exclusively the first identification option, Aeromonas bestiarum, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas veronii and Aeromonas sobria were the best identified with results >95%. However, considering the first and second identification options, the only species that showed values >90% was A. hydrophila. Overall, when the database was supplemented with 14 new spectra, the number of accurate identifications increased (41% vs. 55%) and the number of inconclusive identifications decreased (45% vs. 29%), but great differences in the success of species‐level identifications were found. Species‐distinctive mass peaks were identified only for A. hydrophila and A. bestiarum (5003 and 7360 m/z in 95.5% and 94.1% of their isolates, respectively). This work demonstrates the utility of MALDI‐TOF MS for Aeromonas identification to the genus level, but there is no consistency for the accurate identification of some of the most prevalent species implicated in fish disease.     

Formation of Biogenic Amines in Delayed Salt-Cured Whole and Gutted Indian Oil Sardines (Sardinella longiceps)

The formation of biogenic amines in Indian oil sardines (Sardinella longiceps) collected from the Tuticorin coast of South India and treated with delayed salt-curing was investigated. Sardines were wet salt-cured in whole and gutted forms and examined in fresh and after 6, 9, 12, and 15 h delayed conditions at ambient temperature (32 ± 2°C) at four stages of salt-curing process for quality parameters and formation of biogenic amines. Moisture content decreased from 76% to 11.3% in salting followed by drying. Similarly, water activity reduced from 0.96 to 0.74 in salt-cured sardines. In contrast, total volatile base nitrogen content increased from 79 to 3,590 mg kg^–1 in salt-cured sardines. Halophilic count of sardines was higher (8 log cfu g^–1) after salting and decreased in drying stages. The 15 h delayed salt-cured whole sardines had higher histamine contents (1,568.27 mg kg^–1), cadaverine (4,059.84 mg kg^–1), putrescine (1,604.95 mg kg^–1), and tyramine (862.94 mg kg^–1) on the final day of drying. Whole sardines had higher biogenic amines and halophilic bacterial counts than the gutted sardines. The whole and gutted sardines salt-cured up to a delay of 6 and 12 h, respectively, at ambient temperature yielded the acceptable quality products with respect to biogenic amines.     

Effects on survival and bacterial community composition of the aquaculture water and gastrointestinal tract of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) exposed to probiotic treatments after an induced infection of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a devastating condition impacting marine shrimp production worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of four probiotic formulations on Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) infected with pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing AHPND. In addition, bacterial community composition analyses of shrimp gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and aquaculture water before and after infection were conducted by sequencing variable region 4 of the 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Treatments included: (1) Lactobacillus casei (P1), (2) L. casei and Rhodopseudomonas palustris (P2), (3) L. casei, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and R. palustris (P3), and (4) a commercial probiotic EM^® (EM), which showed shrimp survival of 11.7%, 26.7%, 36.7% and 73.3% respectively. Treatments causing lower survival showed greater relative abundance (>60%) of family Vibrionaceae in the GIT compared to treatments with higher survival. Diversity indices from GIT samples revealed that treatments showing higher survival had higher Shannon index values (4.69 ± 0.133), compared with those of treatments with lower survival (0.17 ± 0.004). Diversity indices from water samples did not show significant differences after infection (Shannon index 4.64 ± 0.53). The results showed that probiotics could effectively mitigate AHPND while maintaining diverse microbial composition in shrimp GIT, thus maintaining sustainability in the shrimp aquaculture industry.     

巢湖水体细菌群落结构及多样性研究

研究巢湖水体细菌群落结构和多样性,为生态修复提供理论依据。在南淝河入湖口、兆河入湖口和裕溪河出湖口3个采样点采集水样,应用高通量测序技术对水体细菌的16S rRNA基因进行序列测定,应用Qiime软件调用UCLUST程序将所获得的优质序列在97%序列相似度下进行聚类,应用Mothur软件在OTUs列表中根据样品的物种丰度情况计算各样品的丰富度和多样性指数。结果表明：（1）巢湖水样具有很高的细菌多样性,不同空间区域的群落结构存在差异;在门水平上,主要细菌类群有放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）;在属水平上,主要细菌类群有hgcI clade、微胞藻属（Microcystis）、CL500-29 marine group和unclassified OPB56;3个样点均存在大量未知的菌属。（2）裕溪河出湖口总氮、总磷和COD含量较高,球衣菌属（Sphaerotilus）丰度相对较高;南淝河入湖口大量出现拟浮丝藻属（Planktothricoides）,说明此处污染仍然较严重;3个样点均检测出大量从毛单胞菌科无法鉴定到属的种类（unclassified Comamonadaceae）,指示巢湖不同空间区域的水体均受到外源污染物输入的影响。     

洪泽湖湿地不同植物作用下沉积物细菌群落结构

为研究植物类型对水体沉积物细菌群落结构的影响,以洪泽湖湿地荷花、茭草和芦苇3种植物区沉积物样品为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术分析其细菌群落组成。结果显示:3种植物区的沉积物样品分别获得1494、1503、1600个Operational Taxonomic Unit(OTU)。门的水平上,主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria),绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。属的水平上,硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira),亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonadaceae)为优势菌属,它们具有硝化作用。芦苇区和茭草区沉积物细菌群落结构较为相似。荷花区沉积物总有机碳和总氮的含量明显低于芦苇区和茭草区,细菌群落组成也存在较大的差异,其中具有较强反硝化能力的嗜甲基菌(Methylotenera)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、乳球菌(Lactococcus)相对丰度高出芦苇区和茭草区的10倍以上。研究表明,植物类型影响沉积物有机碳和氮的含量,继而影响沉积物细菌群落结构。与芦苇或茭草相比,荷花区沉积物具有更强的反硝化潜力,有利于降低水体富营养化风险。     

不同养殖方式对鳙肠道细菌群落结构的影响

[目的]评价不同养殖方式对鳙肠道微生物菌群种类及其多样性的影响,为发展鳙的健康养殖提供参考依据.[方法]设生物絮团组、施肥组和网箱吊养组3种养殖方式,经过8周的饲养周期后,运用PCR-DGGE对不同养殖方式下鳙肠道定植菌进行比较分析.[结果]鳙肠道细菌多样性排序为生物絮团组>施肥组>网箱吊养组,其中,生物絮团组与施肥组、生物絮团组与网箱吊养组、施肥组与网箱吊养组的DGGE图谱相似性依次为53.8%、39.4%和42.8%.生物絮团组鳙肠道的特异条带代表α-亚群的葡糖醋杆菌属(Gluconacetobacter)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、绿弯菌(Chloroflexi)和几类不可培养细菌(EU585886.1、FN824844.1、GU498473.1、GU486235.1和JN399992.1);施肥组和网箱吊养组鳙肠道的特异条带代表梭菌属(Clostridium)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)及不可培养细菌(EU376178.1).[结论]生物絮团的应用能有效增强养殖鳙肠道微生物菌群组成多样性,降低气单胞菌在鳙肠道的分布,可作为高蛋白饵料类型被鳙摄食.     

花生抗病基因的研究进展

花生病害严重影响其产量和品质,抗病品种的应用是病害防治最有效的方法。为了准确有效地鉴定和利用花生抗性资源,需要运用基因技术手段来加快花生抗病品种的育成,本文介绍了花生叶斑病、黄曲霉病以及青枯病等主要病害的基因研究概况,其次归纳和总结了花生病害抗性相关分子标记的研究进展,并提出了今后基因技术和分子标记辅助育种的研究方向,最后对多种抗病基因聚合育种进行了展望。     

饲料中添加壳寡糖对刺参肠壁菌群的影响

为研究饲料中添加壳寡糖对刺参Apostichopus japonicus肠壁菌群的影响,在刺参基础饲料中分别添加0.25%(G1)、0.50%(G2)、0.75%(G3)和1.00%(G4)的壳寡糖,另设对照组(G0),养殖50 d后采集各组刺参幼参(5.03 g±0.03 g)肠壁样品,并采用高通量测序技术分析刺参肠壁菌群结构特征。结果表明:壳寡糖添加组刺参肠壁的细菌多样性和丰度均高于对照组;各组样品肠壁优势菌门均为变形菌门和厚壁菌门;壳寡糖对刺参肠壁菌群组成产生了明显影响,对照组优势菌属为希瓦氏菌属Shewanella,而壳寡糖添加组希瓦氏菌属的相对比例均下降,对照组芽孢杆菌属Bacillus的相对比例较低,而壳寡糖添加组芽孢杆菌属的相对比例均较高或成为优势菌属;1.00%壳寡糖组各类菌属相对比例均较低,高浓度壳寡糖出现抑制现象。研究表明,饲料中添加壳寡糖可提高刺参肠壁细菌多样性和丰度,明显改善刺参肠壁菌群结构。