微生物有机肥结合土壤改良剂防治烟草青枯病

盆栽试验设置了五个处理:对照(T1)、施用普通有机肥(T2)、施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T3)、石灰处理土壤后施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T4)、石灰和碳铵处理土壤后施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T5),用DGGE和平板计数法研究了根际土壤微生物群落的多样性,旨在探讨微生物有机肥及微生物有机肥结合土壤改良剂对烟草青枯病的防治效果和对烟草根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响.结果表明:连作土壤中,施用普通有机肥(T2)不仅不能防治烟草青枯病,还提高了烟草青枯病的病情指数,而施用微生物有机肥处理(T3、T4和T5)对烟草青枯病的防治效果达66.7％～87.9％;施用微生物有机肥可显著改变根际微生物区系结构:T2处理的根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量较T1处理略有增加,真菌数量则较T1处理增加了1.1倍;T3和T4处理的根际土壤细菌分别较T1处理增加了3.5倍和6.1倍,同时,放线菌数量分别增加了3.7倍和3.5倍,而真菌数量分别下降了66.2％和70.1％;T5处理的根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量较T1处理分别增加了13.6倍和5.1倍,真菌数量下降了75.0％;各处理的细菌群落多样性均较T1处理增加.初步研究表明,连作病害土壤用石灰和碳铵预处理后再施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥能有效防控烟草青枯病和减缓连作生物障碍,其作用机制主要通过改变微生物区系和降低病原菌数量实现.     

Effect of calcium concentration in nutrient solution before and after inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum on resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt

We previously reported that calcium (Ca) nutrition in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) significantly affected the resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Smith. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the Ca-dependent resistance, the effect of the Ca concentration in the nutrient solution applied before and after inoculation with the pathogen on the resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt was studied. One week before inoculation, seedlings were transferred to nutrient solutions containing Ca at concentrations of 0.4, 4.4, or 20.4 mM. Soon after inoculation, the seedlings that were treated with each concentration of Ca before inoculation were transferred to solutions containing the same three concentrations of Ca. Although the disease development was not affected by the concentration of Ca in the solution before inoculation, a higher concentration of Ca after inoculation reduced the disease severity. This result suggests that the concentration of Ca in the host, especially in the cell walls, before infection may not be directly involved in the Ca-dependent resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt.     

Community structure of bacteria on different types of mineral particles in a sandy soil

Various types of mineral particles in a soil probably provide different microenvironments for microorganisms. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether different types of mineral in a soil harbor different bacterial populations. DNA was extracted from five types (quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, magnetite, iron-coated reddish brown particles) of sand-size mineral particles separated from a sandy soil, and was amplified for partial 16 S rRNA gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty-nine to 69 amplicons per each type of mineral were cloned and sequenced, followed by phylogenetic affiliation of the sequences. As a result, some types of bacteria were detected on all of the types of mineral including the orders Rhizobiales, Bacillales, and Acidobacteriales. In the case of Acidobacteriales, higher percentages were found on magnetite and quartz. Some taxa were restricted to specific types of mineral; the class Actinobacteria was found on pyroxene but not on quartz, and rarely on magnetite and feldspar. Bacterial diversity at the order level estimated by Chao1 value was higher in feldspar and pyroxene than the other three types of mineral. The UniFrac Significance test indicated that the differences in bacterial communitiy structures among the particles were suggestive except that between feldspar and pyroxene. These results support the idea that different communities of bacteria were associated with each of the mineral types.     

Specific Responses of Soil Microbial Residue Carbon to Long-Term Mineral Fertilizer Applications to Reddish Paddy Soils

Mineral nutrient inputs to soil may alter microbial activity and consequently influence the accumulation of microbial residues. In this study, we investigated the effects of application rates and ratios of mineral fertilizers on the microbial residue carbon(MRC) of reddish paddy soils after long-term(15-year) fertilizer applications in southern China. Contents of three soil amino sugars as microbial residue contents were determined and MRC were calculated based on amino sugars. Results showed that three individual amino sugar contents increased as fertilizer application rates increased until maximum values were reached at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). The three amino sugar contents then declined significantly under the highest mineral fertilizer application rate of 675-88-280 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). In addition, to enhance the microbial residue contents, it was more beneficial to double P(N:P:K= 1:0.26:0.41) in fertilizers applied to the P-deficient reddish paddy soils than to double either N(N:P:K = 2:0.13:0.41) or K(N:P:K= 1:0.13:0.82). The contents of the three individual amino sugars and microbial residues under different fertilizer application rates and ratios were significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon(SOC), total N, total P, and p H. Increases in values of the fungal C to bacterial C ratios showed that soil organic matter(SOM) stability increased because of the fertilizer applications over the past 15 years. The contents and ratios of amino sugars can be used as indicators to evaluate the impact of mineral fertilizer applications on SOM dynamics in subtropical paddy soils. The results indicated that fertilizer applications at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K) may improve crop yields, SOC contents, and SOC stability in subtropical paddy soils.     

生草对关中地区有机猕猴桃园土壤养分及细菌群落的影响

为探究不同生草模式对关中地区有机猕猴桃园土壤养分及细菌群落的影响,试验设置多年生黑麦草+毛苕子(Mode 1)、多年生黑麦草+草木樨(Mode 2)、多年生黑麦草+白三叶(Mode 3)及鼠茅草(Mode 4),以自然生草处理为对照(CK),观察草种生长特性、研究生草对果园耕层(0～20 cm)土壤养分影响,采用高通量测序法分析细菌群落结构。结果表明：鼠茅草越冬率最高,样地杂草株数最少。人工生草较自然生草有机质提高了6.46%～38.63%,以多年生黑麦草+毛苕子效果更为明显,且该处理提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性最为显著,分别为3.37、44.17和3.46 mg·d^-1·g^-1。同时,与自然生草相比,多年生黑麦草+毛苕子、多年生黑麦草+草木樨和多年生黑麦草+白三叶提高了土壤细菌群落的丰富度和多样性,多年生黑麦草+毛苕子存在最多差异显著的细菌分支。综上,关中地区有机猕猴桃园种植多年生黑麦草+毛苕子在一定程度上有助于提高土壤有机质及养分含量,改善土壤微生态环境。     

籼稻谷带菌量与储藏温度和时间回归方程的研究

通过模拟储藏,研究了温度和时间对储藏籼稻谷水分、细菌量和霉菌量的影响.结果表明:随着温度的升高和时间的延长,符合安全水分的稻谷含水量下降,在15℃、20℃时,细菌量和霉菌量基本维持原来水平,储藏200 d后,稻谷的色泽、气味正常,无霉变、生虫现象,而当储藏温度超过25℃时,细菌量和霉菌量下降,但储藏200 d后,稻谷的色泽、气味不正常,并出现生虫现象,因此低温储藏有利于稻谷水分的保持和延缓细菌和霉菌的生长,减少数量和霉变损失.方差分析和回归方程的拟合表明温度和时间是储藏稻谷细菌量或霉菌量变化的极显著影响因素,并且细菌量或霉菌量与储藏温度和时间呈显著的二元线性关系.     

水稻白叶枯病抗性基因和相关因子研究利用进展

水稻白叶枯病严重制约水稻生产,抗病基因的发掘与利用是目前防治该病害最环保有效的手段。为高效发掘、研究和利用抗白叶枯病基因,本文概述了白叶枯病菌与水稻的互作机制,总结了抗白叶枯病基因的定位与克隆现状并对其功能类型加以分类,归纳了抗病相关因子的研究进展。针对目前抗白叶枯病基因的研究进展缓慢且概述性研究报道相对滞后的现状,提出研究展望,认为应更深入研究水稻抗白叶枯病基因的定位克隆与利用,并大力探究抗病基因与抗病相关因子的协同作用关系。     

2,4-二乙酰基藤黄酚产生菌在番茄根部的定殖及对番茄青枯病的防治

2,4-二乙酰基藤黄酚(2,4-DAPG)产生菌是荧光菌对土传病害进行生物防治的主要类群之一。室内筛选结果表明：供试的12个2,4-DAPG产生菌菌株对番茄青枯病菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中CPF、10抑菌效果最佳,抑菌带宽为3．5mm;而2P24、5J10次之,抑菌带宽为3．0mm。CPF10和2P24培养原液对番茄胚根的生长均有明显的抑制作用。CPF10和2P24根部定殖结果表明,两菌株均可在番茄幼苗根部大量定殖,根表细菌数量随着时间延长呈下降趋势但仍维持较高数量;而根内细菌数量有明显上升的趋势。CPF10和2P24对番茄青枯病均有一定的防治效果,其中2P24的防治效果最好。而CPF10在所有的处理中变异系数(CV)最小,防治效果最稳定。     

转抗菌肽基因辣椒株系的青枯病抗性鉴定及系统选育

利用通过农杆菌介导技术获得的T0代转抗菌肽基因辣椒植株为试材,对其自交株系世代群体连续进行抗青枯病鉴定筛选、分子生物学检测和系统选育,首次获得了具有抗青枯病能力的转抗菌肽基因辣椒稳定株系。同时,对其主要果实性状、青枯病抗性进行的对比试验结果表明,转抗菌肽辣椒株系除抗青枯病能力明显提高外,果实性状基本不变。上述结果显示,外源目的基因主要特性的遗传是稳定的、表达是忠实的,从实践上验证了转抗菌肽基因工程操作的实用性。     

研究和发展益生菌和益生元的前瞻

人体的结肠微生物区对健康有着极大的影响。自从引入益生菌和益生元的概念后,对人体肠微生物区组成的观点产生了极大的变化,详细研究复杂的细菌群落一直是个巨大的挑战。用抽样法研究肠微生物群将会更加成熟,并广泛应用于此项研究中。目前,以核酸为基础的分析方法是研究肠微生物区系的基本工具。应用先进的分子技术,使点查和鉴定结肠细菌的种类以及族系级别成为可能。目前正在对第二代益生元的概念展开广泛研究。了解内脏生态系统的作用机制以及处于内脏生态系统中的细菌的作用机制,对于益生菌和益生元将来的发展极为重要。