Changes in the predicted function of the rumen bacterial community of Japanese Black beef cattle during the fattening stages according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses

We investigated changes in the predicted functions of the rumen bacterial community in Japanese Black beef cattle during fattening. Nine cattle were fed a high-concentrate diet during the early, middle, and late fattening stages consecutively (10–14, 15–22, and 23–30 months of age, respectively). The rumen fluid and solid samples collected at each stage were subjected to sequencing analyses. The sequencing results were clustered and classified into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Representative sequences and a raw counting table for each OTU were submitted to the Piphillin website. The predicted functions were revealed by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database as the ratio of the total sequence. In the early stage, “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites” was significantly higher in the fluid fraction than in the solid fraction. “Two-component system” in the middle stage was significantly lower and “Purine metabolism” in the late stage was significantly higher in the fluid fraction than those in the solid fraction. The fluid fraction was significantly correlated with acetic acid, propionic acid, and bacterial metabolism, such as “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites” and “Sugar metabolism.” Moreover, the solid fraction was correlated with “Purine metabolism” and “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolism”. These results suggest that the rumen bacterial community in Japanese Black beef cattle adapts to changes in rumen conditions by altering their functions in response to a long-term high-grain diet.     

白柿在广东地区的引种表现及栽培技术

【目的】研究小生境下园林绿化植物叶际细菌群落结构及其多样性,了解小生境下相似环境条件 与植物自身特性对微生物群落的影响,为园林植物的健康管理及叶际细菌资源的挖掘提供参考。【方法】应用 高通量测序技术,探究大理大学校园 50 m 半径圆内朝向东边的 3 种主要园林植物 （枇杷树 Eriobotyra japonica、 广玉兰 Magnolia grandifl ora 和大青树 Ficus altissima）的叶际细菌群落结构及其多样性。【结果】 3 种园林植 物的叶际细菌多样性从高到低依次为枇杷树、广玉兰和大青树;不同植物的叶际细菌优势门类均为变形菌门 （Proteobacteria）,第一优势细菌属不同,但排名前五的细菌属均为鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）、甲基杆 菌属（Methylobacterium）、螺状菌属（Spirosoma）、薄层菌属（Hymenobacter）和无色菌属（Achromobacter）。 3 种植物的叶际细菌群落结构存在较大差异,但同一植物不同大小叶片间的细菌群落相似,其中,仅在枇杷树和 广玉兰叶片上分布的细菌群落门和属最多,表明常绿阔叶植物的叶际细菌群落相较于落叶阔叶植物更多样、复杂。 【结论】不同园林植物的叶际细菌群落组成和多样性存在较大差异, 植物自身特性是造成这种差异的首要原因, 植物叶际细菌 资源的挖掘有待加强。     

水稻细菌性基腐病的发生及防治方法

水稻细菌性基腐病是一种危害我国长江以南多个稻区的细菌性病害,发病严重时可导致水稻田绝产失收。近年来该病害在我国江苏、云南等部分地区发生为害,对当地水稻高产、稳产造成严重威胁。本文将根据已有报道,结合最新研究进展,从该病害的国内外为害情况、病原物简介、发病症状、发病因素以及防治方法等方面对水稻细菌性基腐病进行简要综述,用以为生产上识别与防治该病害提供相应依据。     

强还原土壤灭菌处理对人参连作土壤细菌群落结构及土壤酶活的影响

强还原土壤灭菌（reductive soil disinfestation,RSD）和土壤熏蒸（soil fumigation,SF）是缓解人参连作障碍的常用方法。为研究2种方法对土壤细菌群落和土壤酶活性的影响,采用高通量测序技术和化学分析方法对强还原土壤灭菌加氯化苦熏蒸（RSD+SF）、强还原土壤灭菌加复合菌（RSD+F）、氯化苦熏蒸加复合菌（SF+F）3种方式改良的土壤细菌群落和土壤酶活性进行分析。结果表明,RSD+F组细菌群落多样性与丰富度均最高,SF+F组均最低,3组拥有相同细菌菌属431个。RSD+SF组中,丰富度最高的细菌为Gemmatimonas,其丰富度为9.17%;RSD+F组中丰富度最高的细菌为norank_f_noranko_Gaiellales,其丰富度为8.72%;RSD+F组中丰富度最高的细菌为Bacillus,其丰富度为9.16%;Bacillus为3种方式改良土壤前10种优势菌群中共有的优势菌群。土壤酶活性与土壤细菌群落结构存在显著性关系,随着生长时间的增加,不同方式改良后的连作人参土壤酶活性均具有显著性差异（P<0.05）。由此可知,3种土壤改良方式均能在不同程度地增加有益细菌属的丰富度并提高土壤酶活性,其中RSD+SF组和RSD+F组的有益细菌属数量及土壤酶活性均高于SF+F组。     

秸秆类型对强还原土壤细菌群落及多样性的影响

为对比不同类型秸秆对强还原处理土壤（RSD）理化指标和微生物变化特征的影响,本研究设置了晾干的玉米秸秆（CS）,晾干的芒草秸秆（MS）,晾干的玉米和芒草秸秆混合（CMD）,新鲜的玉米和芒草秸秆混合（CMW）4个处理,并以化学熏蒸和仅淹水处理作为对照,以评估不同强还原物料处理土壤培养过程中理化性质和细菌群落的动态变化。结果表明：在培养期间不同RSD处理增加了土壤有机质和活性有机碳含量,土壤pH呈先升高后降低的趋势,且土壤硝态氮的累积降幅达到83%~98%。与单一秸秆相比,混合晾干秸秆RSD处理显著提高了细菌群落多样性,其中Shannon指数的增幅为49%,而混合新鲜秸秆处理对细菌群落多样性的影响呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。在培养期间,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）是总细菌群落的优势菌门,其相对丰度在CMW组先降低后升高,而在CMD组降低了51%。在细菌属水平上,CMD组伯克氏菌目中未分类的属（UC-Burkholderiales）、丛毛单胞菌科中未分类的属（UC-Comamonadaceae）、厌氧黏细菌属（Anaeromyxobacter）和假单胞菌属（Pseudobacteroides）相对丰度于培养结束时期显著高于其他处理。Mantel检验表明具有特征性的细菌类群（如Anaeromyxobacter和Pseudobacteroides）与土壤pH、有效磷含量呈正相关,且Anaeromyxobacter与硝态氮含量呈显著正相关关系。研究表明,不同强还原物料组成及晾干程度均对土培过程中细菌群落组成及其多样性产生显著影响。     

番茄青枯病抗性相关根际微生物的研究进展

由茄科雷尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）侵染引起的植物细菌性青枯病（Bacterial wilt）素有“植物癌症”之称,是一种毁灭性土传细菌病害。目前,青枯病已成为制约我国番茄生产的主要病害之一。抗青枯病番茄品种表现出与劣质农艺性状连锁遗传的问题一直没有得到解决,而且番茄青枯病抗性主要为数量遗传,不利于优良抗病品种的选育。根际微生物参与调控植物免疫系统,提高寄主植物青枯病抗性,反之,寄主植物的健康状况也能够影响根际微生物群落组成,根际微生物在番茄青枯病防治中具有重要作用。对抗青枯病番茄根际微生物群落特征及微生物群落形成的影响因素进行总结,讨论了根际微生物参与调控番茄青枯病抗性遗传的作用机制,并对利用有益根际微生物调控番茄青枯病研究方向的热点进行展望,为番茄青枯病诱导抗性机制的解析、遗传育种以及番茄青枯病的防治与品种的合理布局提供有效参考。     

Short-term baths with essential oils of Lippia sidoides,Ocimum gratissimum and Zingiber officinale influence blood parameters and survival of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) after infection with Aeromonas hydrophila

This study evaluated the effect of short-term baths with the essential oils (EOs) of Lippia sidoides, Ocimum gratissimum and Zingiber officinale on the survival, haematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters of native fish tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. After challenge, the fish infected with A. hydrophila received therapeutic baths of 60 min, for five consecutive days. Treatments were as follows: challenged and not treated; challenged and treated with 10 mg L^?1 of gentamicin; challenged and treated with EO of L. sidoides (2.5 and 5.0 mg L^?1); challenged and treated with EO of O. gratissimum (5.0 and 10.0 mg L^?1); challenged and treated with Z. officinale EO (5.0 and 10.0 mg L^?1). The highest survival rates were 89.5% (fish treated with 5.0 mg L^?1 of O. gratissimum EO) and 75.0% (fish treated with 5.0 mg L^?1 of L. sidoides EO). Reductions in the haematocrit percentage, haemoglobin and erythrocyte number were observed in fish treated with L. sidoides and Z. officinale EOs compared with control fish. Mild to moderate damage to the liver tissue of fish after challenge and EO treatments were observed. It is suggested that baths containing O. gratissimum and L. sidoides EOs consist in a viable treatment to increase survival rates of C. macropomum infected with A. hydrophila.     

Blood chemistry and acid-base balance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss with experimentally-induced acute bacterial gill disease

Rainbow trout were experimentally infected with the causative agent of bacterial gill disease (BGD) (Flavobacterium branchiophilum) via bath challenge. All fish were cannulated with dorsal aortic catheters, had nasogastric tubes sutured in place for feeding, and were maintained individually, in plexiglass boxes with a flow-through water system. Fish were either fed, or unfed during the trial. Acute changes in blood gas, serum biochemistry and clinical parameters were monitored. By 24h post-challenge, BGD-infected trout that had been fed had significant hypoxemia, hypercapnia, increased blood ammonia, hypoosmolality, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and increased cough and respiratory rates when compared to control levels. Unfed BGD-infected trout had similar, but less severe blood gas and clinical changes, and no electrolyte disturbances. The BGD-induced hypoxemia is likely exacerbated by increased oxygen demands brought on by feeding. It is not known what association feeding has with the development of low serum ion levels in BGD-infected trout. This is the first study to report the use of fed fish, as opposed to unfed or starved trout, in obtaining blood chemistry values from indisturbed and cannulated animals.     

Intracranial botryomycosis in a mature horse

This case report describes an unusual diagnosis of central nervous system botryomycosis in a horse. A 16‐year‐old Welsh Section D gelding was evaluated for acute onset of hypermetric ataxia, leaning to the left and head tilt to the right. Based on the neurological signs, a cerebellar lesion with accompanying vestibular disease was suspected and supportive therapy consisting of antimicrobial and glucocorticosteroid drugs and hypertonic saline was instituted. This resulted in marked clinical improvement over a 48 h period. Computed tomography performed in the standing, sedated horse following initial stabilisation identified extensive sclerosis and lysis of the right temporal and occipital bones, consistent with an infectious or neoplastic process. Based on the grave prognosis for survival despite the clinical improvement, euthanasia was undertaken. Post mortem magnetic resonance imaging identified a mass lesion impinging on the right cerebellar hemisphere, sclerosis of the temporal and occipital bones lateral and ventral to the mass, as well as destruction of the temporal bone between the inner ear and the cerebellum. These changes corresponded to the presence of a mass within the right dorsal temporal bone, extending into the right lateral temporal bone. The mass extended to compress and adhere to the right lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum. A histopathological diagnosis of botryomycosis was made, affecting the temporal and occipital bones and compressing the cerebellum.     

生物有机肥和土壤调理剂对烤烟生长发育和产、质量的影响

为有效防治烟草青枯病、提高烟叶品质,采用田间试验,研究了单施土壤调理剂（T2）、单施含有烟草青枯病拮抗菌的生物有机肥（T3）、土壤调理剂与生物有机肥混合施用（T4）对烤烟农艺性状、烤烟病害发生及烤烟产、质量的影响。结果表明,与当地常规施肥（CK,T1）相比,T2、T3、T4处理烤烟产值分别增加9.1％、8.9％、7.6％,上等烟比例分别提高了2.6％、3.4％和3.6％;T3和T4处理的烟株青枯病、花叶病病情指数分别较 T1处理降低22.8％和26.3％、56.9％和35.0％。通过施用土壤调理剂调节土壤酸碱性和利用生物有机肥提高土壤微生物活性,可有效促进烟株的生长发育,提高烟株的抗病性和烤后烟叶品质。