利用肠道菌群的分布和DNA序列对鲤科鱼类系统演化关系的研究

用检测到的肠道微生物菌群的含量对鲤科鱼类的草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus)、鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙（Aristichthys nobilis)、鲤（Cyprinus carpiohaematopterus)和鲫（Carassius auratus)，团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala)和三角鲂（Megalopbrama terminalis）8个种进行系统演化分析。所获得的系统演化树中，每个亚科内的物种邻接为1个接点。在亚科间，雅罗鱼亚科与鳇亚科相邻领接1个共同接点。该接点与鲢亚科和鲤亚科连结为1个共同祖选接点。用线粒体基因中的cytb和ND4基因全序列分别构建5个亚科13和11个种的NJ树，这2个树在5个亚科之间的邻接拓扑结构上亦不相同。3种树可推出一个共同的结论是在所分析的亚科中鲤亚科为最原始的类群，而鲫是最原始的类型。     

Microbial communities in various waters used for fish larval rearing

A major concern in larvae production is a mass mortality caused by fish diseases. In larvae production, pumped‐up natural seawater filtered through a sand filter system is used for fish rearing, and microalgae and rotifer cultures. Here, we investigated the community structures of eukaryotic microbes, as well as total bacteria and vibrios, in various processed ‘waters’ used in a larvae production site. We observed that ultraviolet irradiation of seawater was effective to reduce not only total bacteria and vibrios but also eukaryotic microbes. Moreover, the community structures of total bacteria and vibrios in rearing waters for fish larvae were different from those in rotifer cultures fed with Chlorella, but rather similar to those in natural seawater and microalgae cultures. These results suggest that the bacterial community in rearing waters may originate mainly from natural seawater and then be selected by microalgae in rearing water. Overall, this study provides useful information for avoiding the risk of fish disease outbreaks in a larvae production site.     

褐藻酸降解菌的筛选及其生长条件

采用安藤芳明选择性培养基从自然发病明显的海带幼苗上分离出8株褐藻酸降解菌。研究表明，8株菌能够不同程度地降解褐藻酸钠，菌株A1和A2表现出较强的降解能力，接种1d后液体培养基即变清。温度是该菌大量繁殖的决定性因子，其生长的最适温度为20℃，最适pH7.5。褐藻酸钠质量分数为0.5％-0.6％时，不同氮源和碳源对菌体生长的影响不同，其中有机氮和铵态氮有利于菌体生长，尿素和硝酸钠抑制菌体生长；只有在培养基中含有褐藻酸钠时，菌体才能正常生长。     

Effects of beneficial bacteria on biomass,photosynthetic parameters and cell composition of the microalga Muriellopsis sp. adapted to grow in seawater

The present study evaluated the effects of five bacterial isolates from the microalga Muriellopsis sp. on the microalgal biomass concentration (g/L), specific growth rate (K), photosynthetic quantum yield (QY), non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ), maximum relative electron transport rates (rETR max) and levels of nutritional components such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and carotenoids in Muriellopsis sp. cultivated in seawater under indoor and outdoor conditions. The bacterial strains were Microbacterium sp. Dom 1; Pseudomonas sp. Dom2; Microbacterium sp. Dom 3; Rhizobium sp. Dom 4; and Dietzia sp. Dom 5, as well as the Pseudoalteromonas sp. (SLP1), a bacterium known to promote the growth of microalgae. At the laboratory level, inoculation of the strains SLP1, Dom 1, Dom 3 and Dom 5 resulted in higher specific growth rates and biomass of the microalga. Subsequently, the best results were obtained with a combination of the selected bacterial strains (Dom1, Dom 3, Dom5 and SLP1) under outdoor culture conditions improved the biomass, proteins, carbohydrates and total carotenoids in 22.12%, 48.28%, 19,25% and 48.27%, respectively, compared to cultures without the incorporation of the selected bacteria (control), while no effects were observed on the photosynthetic parameters. Thus, it was demonstrated that positive associations of the selected bacterial strains played an important role in the production of Muriellopsis sp. acclimatized to grow in seawater. This is of crucial importance, especially in desert areas, where solar radiation is high and freshwater is a limited resource.     

菲律宾蛤仔养殖水体中大肠菌群安全限量的研究

在不同大肠菌群含量的养殖水体中,通过菲律宾蛤仔对大肠菌群的富集研究,发现菲律宾蛤仔对大肠菌群的富集量随着大肠菌群在养殖水体中含量的升高而增大,推导出的富集量公式为y=0.9254x2+17.366x-123.77。参照CAC、91/492/EEC和NSSP的标准,通过相关换算及与国内标准对比,建议菲律宾蛤仔养殖水体中大肠菌群的安全限量定为≤70cfu/100ml,生食菲律宾蛤仔养殖水体中大肠菌群的安全限量定为≤14cfu/100ml。     

光合细菌提高凡纳滨对虾幼体抗逆性的研究

人工引入光合细菌于凡纳滨对虾养殖环境中,监测与养殖环境相关的水质因子(氨氮、亚硝酸氮、化学需氧量)的变化;观察不同光合细菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾对人工制造的胁迫环境的抗逆性;观测不同光合细菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾的成活率与体重增长率。研究光合细菌对水质改善和凡纳滨对虾抗逆性的影响。结果表明,光合细菌能显著(P<0.05)降低水体中的化学需氧量、氨氮含量并抑制亚硝酸盐氮的产生;当光合细菌投放浓度为3×103cfu/mL时,水体中化学需氧量、氨态氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量的均值分别比对照组降低了31.59%、43.42%、52.20%;成活率比对照组提高了18.67%,体重增长率是对照组的1.34倍;当光合细菌使用浓度为3×102cfu/mL~3×104cfu/mL时,对虾抗逆性显著(P<0.05)增强,对虾在氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、高锰酸钾、甲醛胁迫下24 h的成活率均值分别比对照组提高了36.67%、25.00%、26.39%、10.00%。     

硝化细菌浓度及滤料对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响

分别研究了不同硝化细菌浓度(0、20、60、120 mL/100 L)和不同微生物滤料(珊瑚石、锅炉煤渣、牡蛎壳)对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响。结果显示,添加硝化细菌后,水体中的氨氮浓度呈现下降趋势,在8～12 h出现极低值后,开始上升,但上升速度较慢;随着水体中硝化细菌添加量的增加,水体中的氨氮浓度下降速度加快;水体中亚硝酸氮浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在4～6 h出现极高值,然后迅速下降,且硝化细菌添加量越高,下降速度越快。硝化细菌对以珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣为滤料的养殖水体中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的处理效果显著优于牡蛎壳,但珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣之间无显著差异。综合试验结果,应急水质处理时,硝化细菌菌剂的添加量以一次60 mL/100 L(或以活菌计数为1.2×109个/100 L)、间隔24 h添加1次为宜;经过脱硫筛选之后的锅炉煤渣可以作为循环水养殖用滤料。     

鱼类细菌性败血症发病鱼池细菌数量及致病性气单胞菌的初步研究

本文对细菌性败血症发病鱼池细菌数量及气单胞菌的数量、溶血性及致病力进行了研究。结果表明:水温在28.5℃以下时,细菌数量与水温基本成正比,发病池与不发病池的细菌数量无显著性差异;水体中广泛存在气单胞菌,其占水体总菌量比例随水温的上升而升高;发病池及未发病池中均存在能产生hec毒素和不产生hec毒素的嗜水气单胞菌株,两者数量上无显著差异;水体中存在血清型为TPS—30及PBJS—76的嗜水气单胞菌,且大多数对鱼体有毒力,以5×10~7CFU/尾腹腔注射,可使试验鱼大部分或全部发病死亡。     

龟鳖废水处理系统中细菌群落组成及动态变化

为了优化废水处理系统的菌群结构,提高水质净化效率,实验采用高通量测序技术对龟鳖废水处理系统的细菌群落组成进行分析,同时对细菌群落和废水水质进行相关性分析.结果显示:不同处理单元中的菌群结构存在显著差异,在门分类水平上,各处理单元的主要细菌类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacte-roidot...     

Probiotic microorganisms and antiviral plants reduce mortality and prevalence of WSSV in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultured under laboratory conditions

The protective effect of a probiotic mixture (PM) and antiviral plants, against the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in Litopenaeus vannamei , was evaluated in three experiments. The PM was composed of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and one yeast strain. The plant mixture was composed of Ocimum sanctum and commercial antiviral plants (VPH^®, HSV^®). Shrimp in each experiment (weighing 2.7±0.7, 11.5±1.3, 11.70±2.5 g) were cultured in 120-L plastic tanks and fed twice a day with commercial feed plus additives (plants or bacteria and yeast). Animals were monitored for the occurrence of WSSV by single-step and nested PCR. The PM and powdered antiviral plants added to the commercial feed showed an increase in survival and a decrease in the prevalence of WSSV in shrimp. The results showed that both the PM and the powdered antiviral plants can provide protection for shrimp against WSSV.