根河林业局森林生态服务功能价值评估

利用内蒙古大兴安岭森林生态站的长期定位观测和根河林业局2012年森林资源统计数据,参照林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1271-2008),首次采用分布式评估与旅行成本相结合的方法,对根河林业局森林生态服务功能进行价值评估。结果表明:1)根河林业局森林服务功能价值为317亿元·a^-1,各功能对总价值量的贡献率依次为固碳释氧>涵养水源>保育土壤>净化大气环境>物种保育>营养物质积累>森林游憩。2)固碳释氧和涵养水源功能是根河林业局森林的主要功能,占服务功能总价值量的63.7%。森林年固碳量可抵消内蒙古自治区碳排放量（6 987.07万t,2008年）的7.8%;年涵养水源量对根河年径流量(20.6亿m³)的贡献率为32.8%,是海拉尔河年径流量(32亿m³)的21.1%。3)针叶林单位面积服务功能价值量大于阔叶林,不同树种六大功能单位面积的价值量依次为樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)>兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)>白桦(Betula platyphylla)>山杨(Populus davidiana)。4)单位面积服务功能价值量随林分年龄增大而增大,不同龄组六大功能单位面积的价值量为过熟林>成熟林>近熟林>中龄林>幼龄林。     

基于VAR法的养殖鱼类资产风险价值评估——以环渤海地区大菱鲆养殖为例

农村中小企业贷款难的问题一直存在,造成这一状况的深层次原因就是抵押品的缺失。抵押品缺失的根本原因在于农产品的高风险性,且这类风险的评估存在技术难题,银行等金融机构倾向于规避此类不确定性风险。文章在此背景下,引入VAR法对农产品中的鱼类资产养殖风险价值进行评估,从养殖鱼类资产的风险特点以及VAR方法的适用性两方面,来说明VAR法在衡量鱼类资产养殖风险价值的可行性。并应用于2010年环渤海地区的大菱鲆养殖企业的养殖风险价值评估,检验VAR法的可操作性。通过量化风险,使借贷双方知悉风险情况,为解决渔业中小企业贷款难问题提供技术支撑。     

Low Light During Grain Filling Stage Deteriorates Rice Cooking Quality,but not Nutritional Value

To investigate the effect of low light (LL, 50% natural light) during grain filling (GF) stage on rice transamination, amino acid (AA) accumulation, nutritional value, and cooking quality in three different rice genotypes, transaminase activities and AA levels in grains during GF stage and the traits that significantly affected rice quality (physical appearance, cooking quality, and nutritional value) were analyzed. LL did not disturb transamination in rice grains during GF stage, as minimal impact was found on alanine and aspartate transaminase activities. Nevertheless, most AAs in caryopses, including lysine and threonine, increased in response to LL, except for sulfur-containing AAs. These results suggest that AA metabolism and accumulation in rice grains were rarely suppressed by LL during GF stage. Rice nutritional ingredients at harvest, such as major protein components including glutelin and most important essential amino acids (EAAs) including lysine and threonine, increased significantly in response to LL, whereas most protein and EAA ratios were rarely affected. However, LL markedly affected physical appearance of rice grains by reducing brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and 1000-grain weight and increasing the chalkiness rate. In addition, cooking qualities decreased in response to LL, while breakdown values and amylose levels decreased and setback values increased. We concluded that LL during GF stage decreased the cooking quality of rice, but could potentially improve the nutritional value of rice.     

Current status and future needs of economics research of inland fisheries

Inland capture fisheries (ICFs) provide ecosystem services – fish for food, livelihoods and recreation – to people and therefore have an economic value. Economic valuation can inform the sustainable management of ICFs and ensure they are recognised in trade‐off analysis and decision‐making. This study assesses existing ICFs economic research to identify knowledge gaps. Bibliographic databases were searched for suitable peer‐reviewed articles. The selected studies (n = 75) were analysed for coverage, valuation methodologies and value metrics. A majority of existing studies value recreational ICFs in developed countries. Studies have employed a wide range of valuation methodologies and therefore provide a variety of economic values measured at different units and scales. This study highlights the need for a greater quantity of ICFs economic research that covers a representative sample of ecosystems and fishery types globally. Best practice recommendations are made for a standardised framework to ensure ICFs research generates economically credible and comparable values.     

黄灯笼辣椒核心种质资源比较构建研究

核心种质的构建为种质资源的研究和有效利用提供了便利条件。以146份黄灯笼辣椒种质资源为试验材料,基于10个性状表型数据,采用混合线性模型分析方法无偏地预测基因型值,利用马氏距离计算种质间的遗传距离,分别采用2种取样方法（随机取样法和优先取样法）,2种聚类方法（离差平方和法和类平均法）,按照30％的抽样比率构建黄灯笼辣椒核心种质库。采用均值、方差、极差和变异系数4个指标评价不同取样方法和聚类方法构建核心种质库的优劣。试验结果表明,优先取样法优于随机取样法,类平均法优于离差平方和法。基于马氏距离、优先取样法、类平均法获取的43份黄灯笼椒核心资源能够代表原群体的遗传多样性。     

非洲狗尾草4品种在滇南的品比试验

在滇南雨养条件下,对4个非洲狗尾草（Setaria sphacelata）品种进行区域性品比试验。结果表明：参试各品种适应性强,均未染病,存活率和越冬率都在98.61%以上。种植第1年TPRC010的干草产量最高,为27.68 t·hm^-2。用灰色关联法进行综合评价,TPRC001表现最优,TPRC010次之。     

甜玉米蔬菜间套复种模式产值效益研究

为进一步提高蔬菜作物间套复种的经济效益,采用田间小区试验,研究甜玉米与蔬菜间套复种的8种种植模式的产值效益。结果表明：甜玉米与不同蔬菜间套作的总产量和总产值均高于蔬菜单作;其中,2004年2∶4带型处理年总产值最高,平均比单作增加49.1%;2005年夏播模式2行甜玉米‖4行甘蓝/4行莴笋（2∶4带型）的经济效益均高于其它处理,其作物总产值达到67 377 元·hm^-2,比当季蔬菜单作增加96%;2005年甜玉米间作蔬菜（2∶4带型）的秋播模式2行萝卜‖11行大蒜/2行莴笋模式总产值达64 667 元·hm^-2,比蔬菜单作增加161%,其年总产值比蔬菜单作平均增加299.5%。说明甜玉米与不同蔬菜间套作有利于提高农作物的经济效益,而2∶4带型的 种植模式可在蔬菜农业生产中推广应用。     

Natural products for pest control: an analysis of their role,value and future

Natural products (NPs) have long been used as pesticides and have broadly served as a source of inspiration for a great many commercial synthetic organic fungicides, herbicides and insecticides that are in the market today. In light of the continuing need for new tools to address an ever‐changing array of fungal, weed and insect pests, NPs continue to be a source of models and templates for the development of new pest control agents. Interestingly, an examination of the literature suggests that NP models exist for many of the pest control agents that were discovered by other means, suggesting that, had circumstances been different, these NPs could have served as inspiration for the discovery of a great many more of today's pest control agents. Here, an attempt is made to answer questions regarding the existence of an NP model for existing classes of pesticides and what is needed for the discovery of new NPs and NP models for pest control agents. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

液体饲料pH值对荷斯坦公犊血气指标的调控

【目的】哺乳期犊牛胃肠道功能尚未健全,对日粮的消化能力不足,易导致腹泻等营养性疾病的发生,降低成活率。实施早期断奶的哺乳期犊牛日粮以液体的代乳品为主,其酸度对犊牛健康有着比成年牛更加重要的影响,但目前犊牛血气指标变化的规律、正常值范围等数据仍不成体系,无法判别日粮酸度是否适宜。本研究以48头新生荷斯坦公犊牛研究液体饲料pH值对哺乳期犊牛血气指标的影响,探索犊牛血气指标的变化规律。【方法】采用2×4因子设计,2种代乳品,其植物蛋白占总蛋白比例分别为50%和80%,代乳品乳液pH值分别调整为6.2、5.5、5.0、4.5,共计8个处理组。将48头新生荷斯坦公犊随机分配到上述8个组中,分别饲喂上述代乳品乳液。试验期63 d,其中预试期21d,正试期42 d。每两周测定犊牛体重,每日记录代乳品和颗粒料的采食量;在21、49 d抽取全血检测血液pH值、二氧化碳分压（pCO2）、氧气分压（pO2）、氧饱和度（SO2）、[HCO3-]浓度（HCO3-）、实际剩余碱量（ABE）、总二氧化碳量（TCO2）、标准碳酸氢盐浓度（SBC）和标准剩余碱（SBE）。采用SAS软件GLM或MIXED模型对生长性能或血气指标进行统计分析,以REG模型建立血气指标与代乳品乳液pH值之间的相关关系式,以正态分布检验血气指标的变化。【结果】降低代乳品乳液pH值可提高犊牛平均日增重（P＜0.05）;代乳品乳液pH值对犊牛血液pO2、SO2、HCO3-、ABE、TCO2、SBC和SBE皆有极显著的影响（P＜0.01）,对血液pH值、pCO2也具有影响趋势;随着代乳品乳液pH值的降低,犊牛血液pH值、pCO2、pO2、SO2、HCO3-、TCO2呈现出二次曲线变化规律（P＜0.05）,R2分别达到0.9201、0.8481、0.8600、0.9445、0.8631、0.8141,ABE、SBC和SBE则呈现出直线型改变（P＜0.05）,R2分别为0.9060、0.8126、0.8298。血液pH值和pCO2随日龄变化有显著改变（P＜0.05）;除HCO3-、ABE、SBE外,其他血气指标符合正态分布规律（P＞0.05）。代乳品中植物蛋白占总蛋白的比例由50%提高到80%时,犊牛平均日增重和干物质采食量降低,但血气指标并未受到影响（P＞0.05）。 【结论】随代乳品乳液pH值的降低,21-63 d犊牛血液HCO3-、ABE、TCO2、SBC、SBE显著降低,可作为评价日粮酸度效果的敏感指标。     

二亚油酸甘油酯对大豆油氧化稳定性的影响

【目的】油脂的氧化稳定性影响油脂的储藏品质。大豆油中多种微量成分对油脂的氧化稳定性产生影响,甘油二酯是其中之一。研究添加二亚油酸甘油酯（LL）对大豆油氧化稳定性的影响,以期开发新的大豆油抗氧化剂,稳定油品品质、延长货架期。【方法】以过层析柱脱除微量成分并加入3×10-5（w/w）叶绿素的大豆油（TSSO）和未经脱除处理的大豆油（NSSO）为试验对象,分别加入0.01%、0.05%、0.1%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%（w/w）LL,搅拌均匀制成系列样品,在25℃、光照强度为1 700 lx的敞开环境下放置。在6周试验期内,以不添加LL的样品为对照,每间隔7d按GB/T5538-2005用碘量法测定样品的过氧化值（POV）、按GB/T21121-2007用Ominion公司OSI-24型油脂氧化稳定性测定仪测定样品的氧化稳定指数（OSI）、采用顶空-气质联用法用安捷伦7890A/5975C GC/MS型气质联用仪测定油脂中挥发性醛类物质的组成及相对含量、采用色谱法用安捷伦6890N型气相色谱仪测定样品的脂肪酸组成。每组样品各指标重复测定3次,用IBM SPASS19.0软件进行方差分析,用Duncan’s新复极差法进行多重比较。【结果】两组样品在6周试验期内：（1）POV值随储藏时间延长而增高,反映样品氧化程度增加;但POV增高幅度随LL添加量增多而有所缩减;（2）OSI随储藏时间延长而降低,反映样品的氧化稳定性变差;但OSI降低幅度随LL添加量的增加而减缓;在相同时间、相同LL添加水平下,NSSO组的OSI降低幅度小于TSSO组;（3）样品中的挥发性醛类物质相对百分含量随储藏时间延长而增加;相同储藏时间,添加LL的样品该物质含量低于对照,且随LL添加量的增加而降低;（4）不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值（U/S）随储藏时间延长而呈现降低趋势;相同储藏时间,添加LL的样品比对照U/S略增;随LL添加量增加,除亚油酸含量增加外,其他脂肪酸含量无显著性变化。【结论】在常温、光照条件下,添加LL可有效抑制大豆油氧化,且与NSSO组相比,对TSSO组的抗氧化效果更显著。