黄芪幼苗丛枝菌根形成过程研究

盆栽灭菌条件下,研究了黄芪Astragalus membranaceus与摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae形成丛枝菌根的过程及细胞结构变化情况。结果发现,黄芪接种34 d时,真菌菌丝开始侵染根表皮;44 d时菌丝在皮层细胞内逐渐增多,并且细胞间有极少量泡囊产生,形状为椭圆形;54 d时细胞内大量菌丝扩展;63 d时有大量真菌孢子萌发;84 d时细胞间有大量泡囊形成,呈圆形、近圆形或椭圆形,部分泡囊开始收缩衰老,同时皮层细胞内有少量丛枝并存。生长期间,菌根侵染率和孢子密度的变化与丛枝菌根的发育状况密切相关。     

RNA沉默及其在病原真菌研究中的应用

RNA沉默是生物抵抗异常DNA的一种保护机制,在生物生长发育过程中扮演着基因表达调控的角色。本文主要综述了RNA沉默技术的特点及其在病原真菌中的研究现状及研究策略,包括RNA沉默的作用机制、优缺点,RNA沉默在病原真菌基因功能研究等方面的应用及其发展前景。     

林木—菌根菌共生体在抗旱造林中的作用机制

鉴于林木—菌根菌共生体在抗旱造林中的作用和应用潜力,从提高水分吸收能力及利用效率、改善植物养分状况、提高植物生长物质合成能力、增强植物生理生化调节能力以及共生体双方的多样性表现对生境的广泛适应性和抗逆性等方面对共生体在抗旱造林中的作用机制进行了简要阐述。     

A new species of Rosenscheldia (Dothideomycetes) from Brazil

A fungus forming black stromata with several immersed ascomata was found associated with living branches of Protium warmingianum (Burseraceae) in the Mata da Biologia, city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species differs from all five species found on literature and is fully described, illustrated and compared with the other species described in the genus. This is the first species of Rosenscheldia found on burseraceae hosts in Brazil and the first species on the host genus Protium.     

Fungal colonization patterns in necrotic rootstocks and stem bases of dieback‐affected Fraxinus excelsior L.

European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees currently face the major threat of ash dieback caused by an invasive fungus, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Collar rots in F. excelsior have been increasingly associated with infections by this pathogen. However, the aetiology of the collar rots is still unclear and remains heavily debated. In contrast to most studies of this kind, entire rootstocks of four diseased ash trees were dug out to examine necrotic tissues in these rootstocks and stem bases in detail and to sample necrotic wood for fungal isolation. With the aid of morphological and molecular identification techniques, five to twelve fungal taxa were detected per tree. Members of the Nectriaceae family and Botryosphaeria stevensii, the causal agent of stem and branch cankers on many tree species, were frequently isolated from outer xylem. In contrast, H. fraxineus was the dominating species in interior wood layers. Microsatellite genotyping of 77 H. fraxineus isolates helped to identify up to six different genotypes per tree. The role of H. fraxineus and other isolated fungi in the aetiology of ash collar rots are discussed.     

Chemical modification of wood: A short review

Abstract

For most markets for wood, it is used without any treatments or modifications. When wood is used in adverse environments, it may be treated with chemicals to help prevent decay, improve water resistance, reduce the effects of ultraviolet radiation or increase fire retardancy. Many of these treatments involve the use of toxic or corrosive chemicals that can harm the environment. Chemical modification of wood provides an alternative by providing protection against water, decay, UV and thermal degradations by bonding chemicals to the cell wall polymers that do not leach out. Dimensional stability and decay resistance are two major properties that can be greatly improved by simple reactions with acetic anhydride.     

食用菌仿野生栽培在北京生态涵养发展区的作用与展望

食用菌仿野生栽培能够有效利用人工林和天然林的大环境,产品天然优质。介绍了北京生态涵养发展区野生菌原始的生长状态、食用菌仿野生栽培的环境优势、仿野生栽培的作用、仿野生食用茵产品的优缺点、仿野生栽培适宜的种类、技术和发展前景等．     

Legacies from natural forest dynamics: Different effects of forest management on wood-inhabiting fungi in pine and spruce forests

The species composition of wood-inhabiting fungi (polypores and corticoids) was investigated on 1138 spruce logs and 992 pine logs in 90 managed and 34 natural or near-natural spruce and pine forests in SE Norway.Altogether, the study included 290 species of wood-inhabiting fungi. Comparisons of logs with similar properties (standardized tree species, decay class, dimension class) in natural and managed forests showed a significant reduction in species number per log in managed spruce forests, but not in managed pine forests. The species number per log in managed spruce forests was 10-55% lower than on logs from natural spruce forests. The reduction was strongest on logs of large dimensions. A comparison of 200-400 spruce logs from natural and managed forests showed a 25% reduction in species richness corresponding to a conservative loss of ca. 40 species on a regional scale.A closer inspection revealed that species confined to medium and very decayed spruce logs were disfavored in managed forests, whereas species on early decay classes and decay generalists were unaffected. Similarly, species preferring large spruce logs were disfavored in managed forests. Forest management had strongest impact on low-frequent species in the spruce forests (more than 50% reduction), whereas common species were modestly affected. Corticoid fungi were more adversely affected than polypore fungi.These results indicate that wood-decaying fungi in pine forests are more adapted to forest disturbances than spruce-associated species. Management measures securing a continuous supply of dead wood are more important in spruce forests than in pine forests.     

RAPD分子标记在真菌研究中的应用

简要评价了RAPD分子标记,并对其在真菌研究中的各种应用进行了阐述。     

Functional compatibility of two arbuscular mycorrhizae with thirteen fruit trees in Senegal

Functional compatibility between thirteen tropical fruit trees (Afzelia africana Smith., Adansonia digitata L., Aphania senegalensis Radlk., Anacardium occidentale L., Cordyla pinnata (Lepr. ex A. Rich.) Milne-Redhead, Dialium guineensis Wild., Landolphia heudelottii A.DC., Sclerocarya birrea (A.Roch.) Hochst., Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon and four reference hosts Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del., Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.), Tamarindus indica L. and Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.) and two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus aggregatum Schenck and Smith emend. Schenck and Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith), was investigated. Marked differences were found between them in terms of mycorrhizal formation, root colonization, relative mycorrhizal dependency (RMD) and phosphorus concentrations in shoot tissues. A. africana, L. heudelottii and S. senegalensis did not form symbiotic associations, and the growth of A. africana decreased following mycorrhizal inoculation, while L. heudelottii and S. senegalensis showed no dependency. In contrast, A. digitata, A. senegalensis, A. occidentale, B. aegyptiaca and S. birrea were well colonized with AMF, but did not significantly increase in biomass production. Five fruit trees did, however, show dependency by a positive interaction with G. aggregatum, the most effective AMF. Z. mauritiana was found to be very highly dependent (RMD > 75%), T. indica was highly dependent (50–75% RMD), and D. guineensis, P. biglobosa and C. pinnata were moderately dependent (25–50% RMD). Phosphorus absorption probably contributed to this dependency more than the absorption of potassium. These results indicate that some tropical fruit trees do derive benefits from AM inoculation, while others do not.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.