RAPD分子标记在真菌研究中的应用

简要评价了RAPD分子标记,并对其在真菌研究中的各种应用进行了阐述。     

害虫病原真菌的研究方法

详细介绍了害虫病原真菌的研究方法，包括病死虫体的收集、处理、保存；病原真菌的分离、提纯；病原真菌致病性的试验、优良菌株的筛选；病原真菌的鉴定、复壮、贮藏等。     

Legacies from natural forest dynamics: Different effects of forest management on wood-inhabiting fungi in pine and spruce forests

The species composition of wood-inhabiting fungi (polypores and corticoids) was investigated on 1138 spruce logs and 992 pine logs in 90 managed and 34 natural or near-natural spruce and pine forests in SE Norway.Altogether, the study included 290 species of wood-inhabiting fungi. Comparisons of logs with similar properties (standardized tree species, decay class, dimension class) in natural and managed forests showed a significant reduction in species number per log in managed spruce forests, but not in managed pine forests. The species number per log in managed spruce forests was 10-55% lower than on logs from natural spruce forests. The reduction was strongest on logs of large dimensions. A comparison of 200-400 spruce logs from natural and managed forests showed a 25% reduction in species richness corresponding to a conservative loss of ca. 40 species on a regional scale.A closer inspection revealed that species confined to medium and very decayed spruce logs were disfavored in managed forests, whereas species on early decay classes and decay generalists were unaffected. Similarly, species preferring large spruce logs were disfavored in managed forests. Forest management had strongest impact on low-frequent species in the spruce forests (more than 50% reduction), whereas common species were modestly affected. Corticoid fungi were more adversely affected than polypore fungi.These results indicate that wood-decaying fungi in pine forests are more adapted to forest disturbances than spruce-associated species. Management measures securing a continuous supply of dead wood are more important in spruce forests than in pine forests.     

心材形成机理与人工促进研究进展

珍贵树种心材供不应求,主要归因于心材自然形成缓慢。研究如何人为地促进心材形成意义重大,但国内外相关研究综述还未见报道。文中在介绍心材形成的变化过程和主要机理假说的基础上,系统地总结生长调节剂、接种菌类、外源气体和其他抚育措施等人工促进心材形成的主要研究技术及成果,并结合课题组多年的研究提出了存在的不足与展望,以期为今后心材形成机理和人工促进心材形成的相关研究提供参考。     

次生阔叶林改建为食用菌原料林后的群落恢复和林分生长

选择12年生林相较好的天然次生阔叶林,通过择伐更新和皆伐人促更新2种经营方式定向培育食用菌原料林。研究发现,择伐经营的经济效益较高,且有利于群落的快速恢复,经过7a的封育,林分蓄积量已达到择伐前的水平。皆伐人促更新获得的食用菌材虽较择伐利用高出40%左右,但因经营强度过大,保留的幼树受损严重而不利于伐后林木的生长与恢复,封育期内蓄积增长量分别为择伐更新和对照未经营区的64 7%和73 41%。动态监测结果显示,采用择伐和皆伐人促更新措施后群落恢复较快。疏伐后因透光度的急剧增加,阳性和中性树种大量侵入,地面芽植物和1年生植物的比例增高。到第7a时,高位芽植物的比例已接近未经营区的状态,乔、灌、草各层的物种多样性指数高于未经营的天然阔叶林,物种均匀度则与其相近。研究还发现,2种更新经营方式对土壤养分的损失较小,经过7a的恢复,林地土壤肥力已基本达到原有天然林水平。     

3种白腐菌木质素降解酶的比较

对3种白腐菌——黄孢原毛平革菌、变色栓菌和木质层孔菌在恒温振荡培养条件下产漆酶、锰过氧化物酶的情况进行比较研究,同时还对此3种菌在培养过程中还原糖的变化作了研究.结果表明:3种白腐菌中变色栓菌产漆酶相对最高,其漆酶酶活最高达到136.5 U/L,产酶最高时间为第8天;而木质层孔菌产锰过氧化物酶相对最高,其最高酶活达到880.2 U/L,产酶最高时间为第8天;同时在培养过程中还原糖含量随培养时间的延长而逐渐降低.     

巴塘竹巴笼自然保护区大型真菌调查初报

巴塘竹巴笼自然保护区是四川省的省级自然保护区，具有典型的干热河谷景观。此次报道了巴塘竹巴笼自然保护区部分地区大型真菌的初步调查结果，采用目前国内外普遍使用的Ainsworth（1973）的分类系统进行分类。采集到的这些真菌属于隶2个亚门，5纲，9目，26科，47属，91种；其中食用菌64种（不包括有人食用安然无恙，有人食用中毒的菌类）、毒菌14种（包括有人食用中毒的菌类）。药用菌6种（包括药用菌和抗癌菌，其中不包括兼有药用功效的菌类）、木腐菌14种、菌根菌36种、其他7种（包括不明成分和用途的一些种类）。巴塘竹巴笼自然保护区动植物资源比较丰富，有益的食用菌、药用菌及菌根真菌种类相对较多，菌物资源的开发与利用潜力较大。     

我国食用菌种质资源现状及其发展趋势

对近年来我国食用菌种质资源调查现状和存在问题进行了分析总结,提出了要加大食用菌种质资源调查与保藏的科研投入,加强食用菌种质资源的鉴定评价、创新与利用研究,尽早确定国家知识产权战略,防止食用菌种质资源流失等发展对策.     

Correlation between Chemical Structure and Biological Activity of Host-Selective Plant Pathogen Mycotoxins

Toxin, one of the most important factors of plant fungal disease, has attracted much attention of many academicians who have been studying pathogen mycotoxin in deep research. The paper summarized chemical structures of some host-selective plant pathogen mycotoxins discovered in recent years and the correlation between biological activity and chemical structure of toxin.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizas and performance of Polylepis australis trees in relation to livestock density

Polylepis australis trees endemic to Argentina dominate the canopy of subtropical high altitude forests. Here, livestock rearing is the main economic activity and is suspect of the low performance of P. australis trees through direct and indirect effects which could include the reduction in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their benefit to trees. To elucidate the role of AMF, we compare plant performance indicators, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and AMF communities in 20 trees distributed in two areas of central Argentina which differed in livestock grazing intensity. The area with high livestock density presented more soil degradation and trees with a lower overall plant performance than the area with reduced livestock density. The AM colonization values of P. australis were considerably higher than reported for other tree species and the area with high livestock density had a lower proportion of arbuscules and higher proportion of hyphae, while vesicles and AM colonization – all structure considered together – did not differ between areas. Overall AMF spore number and of most species when considered separately was significantly higher in the area with high livestock density, suggesting a high tolerance and adaptation of AMF to livestock. We conclude that a reduction in livestock improves the performance of P. australis, that this improvement could be mediated by an increase in the proportion of arbuscules, but there does not appear to be any limitation in AM colonization or AMF spore number which could otherwise be limiting forest restoration.