不同储存年限老芒麦种子种带真菌检测及致病性测定

对来自青海的5个不同收获年份的老芒麦种样进行了系统的种带真菌研究;测定了12种分离率大于1%的种带真菌对老芒麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,种样发芽率为56%~80%,S₂发芽率最高,达到80%,显著高于S₁和S₅(P<0.05);种样带菌率为24%~38%,随储藏时间延长呈下降趋势,S₅带菌率最高,达到38%,显著高于其他种样(P<0.05);共鉴定出老芒麦种带真菌15属17种,真菌分离率为0.25%~8.75%,其中青霉和曲霉是老芒麦最常见的种带真菌,在5个种样上均被分离得到;燕麦镰孢、串珠镰孢、镰孢菌1、离蠕孢和德氏霉5种真菌是老芒麦最主要的致病真菌,均显著地降低了老芒麦种子的萌发、抑制了幼苗的生长、降低了幼苗的生物量(P<0.05);细交链孢对种子的萌发没有显著抑制作用(P>0.05),但是显著地降低了幼苗的长度和干物质产量(P<0.05)。皮思霉、离蠕孢、曲霉3种真菌显著延长了老芒麦种子平均萌发时间,而燕麦镰孢则显著地缩短了种子平均发芽时间(P<0.05)。     

桑树内生真菌的分离、鉴定及其多样性分析

用组织分离法从不同桑树品种的器官组织中共分离出内生真菌114株,经显微形态观察,鉴定114株内生真菌分别归属于镰孢霉属Fusarium、链格孢属Alternaria、柱霉属Scytalidium等21个属,表明桑树内生真菌具有丰富的生物多样性。不同桑树品种树体内的内生真菌分布有一定差异。同一桑树品种不同器官组织的内生真菌种类和数量差异较大,根中最多,茎中次之,叶中最少。其中:镰孢霉属为根中优势种群,链格孢属为茎、叶中的优势种群;丛梗孢属Monilia和镰孢霉属菌株在根、茎、叶中均能分离到,其它属的菌株只存在于其中的某一个或两个器官组织。研究结果有助于进一步探讨桑树内生真菌与生理活性物质的关系。     

8种豆科灌木栽培种丛枝菌根真菌种类及分布

采集人工栽培决明(Cassia tora)、假木豆(Dendrolobium triangulare)、紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa)、白刺花(Sophora davidii)、猪屎豆(Crotalaria pallida)、多花木蓝(Indigofera amblyantha)、木豆(Cajanus cajan)和银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)8种豆科灌木植物根际5-10、10-20和20-30 cm 3个土层的土样,研究其根际丛枝菌根(AM)真菌的侵染率、孢子密度、种类及多样性。结果表明,8种豆科灌木植物AM真菌侵染率普遍较高,最高的为猪屎豆,80.8%;土壤速效磷含量与侵染率呈显著负相关(r=-0.733,P=0.039);根际土壤中的AM真菌孢子主要分布于5-20 cm土层,5-10 cm土层猪屎豆孢子密度最大,为115.33个·10 g-1土壤;宿主植物种类与土壤层位对孢子密度交互效应影响显著(F=100.497,P0.001);AM真菌优势种枫香球囊霉(Glomus liquidambaris)、脆无梗囊霉(Acaulospora delicate)在8种豆科灌木植物的土壤中均有分布。本研究表明,喀斯特地区适生豆科灌木植物具有丰富的AM真菌资源,今后可以在喀斯特地区开展豆科灌木植物接种优势AM真菌和根瘤菌等相关研究,这将对农牧业生产和退化生态系统修复效应的影响具有重要意义。     

Biological control of trichostrongyles in calves by the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans fed to animals under natural grazing conditions

The present study was conducted in the 1993 grazing season with yearling calves exposed to a pasture with a natural mixed trichostrongyle larval infection. It was shown that daily feeding with the microfungus Duddingtonia flagrans during the first 2 months of the season led to a lowered herbage infectivity and a reduced acquisition of Ostertagia sp. and Cooperia sp. later in the season. In addition, the procedure delayed the onset of clinical disease. This was due to the nematode-destroying effects of the fungi in the dung excreted by the fungus-treated calves, as evidenced by results from a parallel in vitro assay on faecal larval cultures. The paper discusses future research needs before practical biological control can be implemented.     

甘肃省兴隆山区域丛枝菌根真菌多样性初探

本研究采用Illumina HiSeq分子测序技术,探究了兴隆山东山丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌多样性及其在不同海拔高度的分布特征.结果表明:1)自兴隆山东山土壤分离获得AM真菌共52种,隶属于4目8科13属,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)和原囊霉属(Archaeospora)为主要...     

氮沉降对植物-丛枝菌根共生体影响的研究进展

氮沉降是影响陆地生态系统的重要环境因子。丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)作为一种能够与绝大多数植物共生并广泛存在的土壤微生物,对植物生长、养分吸收以及抗逆性等均具有重要的调节作用,而针对氮沉降对植物-丛枝菌根共生体影响的研究往往被忽视。基于此,笔者从氮沉降对菌根侵染特性、菌根多样性、菌根对宿主植物生长发育、氮代谢、磷吸收以及对宿主植物生物多样性影响等方面进行了归纳总结,并提出应重点关注的研究方向,旨为菌根生理生态学的研究提供一定的科学依据。     

Seasonal effects on the aerobic bacterial and fungal conjunctival flora of normal thoroughbred brood mares in Florida

Objective To evaluate seasonal effects on the presence or absence of fungal and aerobic bacterial flora of the conjunctival fornix of normal Florida Thoroughbred horses. Sample population Both eyes of 100 horses. Procedure Horses with normal anterior segment ophthalmic examinations from three farms in north central Florida were included. Each animal had the ventral conjunctival fornix of each eye swabbed with sterile culturettes. Samples were taken in October, January, April, and July (1999–2000). Aerobic and fungal cultures were plated. Bacterial cultures were reviewed at 24 and 48 h. Fungal cultures were reviewed weekly for 4 weeks. Logistic regression analysis with season as a factor and age of the horse as a covariate was performed. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.01. Results Horses ranged from 3 to 24 years of age, with a median age of 9 years. Twenty‐four genera of bacteria and 35 genera of fungi were recovered. Corynebacterium sp., Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp. and Moraxella sp. were the bacteria most frequently isolated. Mold species, dematiaceous mold species, Chrysosporium sp., Cladosporium sp., and Aspergillus sp. were the most frequently recovered fungi. Season did not have a significant effect on the presence of microorganisms isolated for individual horses adjusted for age. Younger horses had an increased incidence of gram‐negative rods and fungal isolates. The number of bacteria and fungi isolated are not uniform across seasons. Conclusion There were no significant differences between the number or type of organisms cultured during the sampling seasons in normal Florida horses. A large range of normal bacterial and fungal flora were isolated from these horses. The number of bacteria and fungi isolated are not uniform across seasons. The likelihood of detecting an organism depends on the horses’ age.     

甘肃棘豆内生真菌种群多样性

将采集于青海省祁连县甘肃棘豆的茎和叶部表面消毒后分别置于黑暗和光照条件以及PDA和BDA 2种培养基上进行内生真菌分离纯化,采用形态学和分子生物学分析技术鉴定种属,并计算多样性指数。结果显示,629块植物样品中共分离到内生真菌433株,分属9个科15个属28种,不同的培养条件下优势菌属不同;多样性指数计算结果显示,香农-维纳指数（H）为1.99,均匀度指数（E）为0.60,辛普森指数（D）为0.257。结果表明,采集于青海省祁连县的甘肃棘豆内生真菌多样性比较丰富,可为今后深入探讨甘肃棘豆内生真菌遗传多样性奠定基础,并为产苦马豆素目标菌株的筛选,提供丰富的内生真菌后备菌株。     

苜蓿种带真菌及其致病性测定

对来自我国新疆,内蒙古,吉林,陕西,甘肃,宁夏,山东,黑龙江,山西,河北和江苏等１１个省（自治区）苜蓿产区的３０个审定登记品种的３８个苜蓿种子样品进行了系统的种带真菌检测研究;测定了２１种２５个真菌分离物对苜蓿幼苗根组织的入侵性及１９种真菌对苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。     

不同产区板栗病原菌的种类及其致病力研究

从北京、山东、河北、湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、广西等板栗主产区的腐烂栗实中分离出146个分离物,经鉴定归属于11个属。不同产区栗实的自然带菌情况各异,带菌量和带菌种类有所不同,南方板栗产区的病原菌种类多于北方产区。回接实验研究了其中分布较普遍的6个属优势菌的致病力,表明不同菌的致病力强弱有较大差异,在相同培养条件下,Rhizoctoria使种仁的发病程度最严重,致病力最强,Penicilliumsp.的致病力最弱。不同接种方式对种仁侵染率的影响不同,种仁有伤接种的侵染率最高,达90%以上,而种皮接种和无伤滚动浸涂接种则不会使种仁发病腐烂。研究中还发现,不同病原菌所致板栗腐烂的病斑特征有所不同。