银杏叶提取液浸泡处理对鲜切苹果的保鲜效果

以红富士苹果为试材,从颜色、硬度、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量、质量损失率以及感官评定等方面研究不同含量的银杏叶提取液浸泡处理对鲜切红富士苹果的保鲜效果。结果表明,在4 ℃贮藏条件下,与对照（无菌蒸馏水浸泡处理）相比,银杏叶提取液处理能在一定程度上提高鲜切苹果的感官品质,抑制褐变,减少水分散失,延缓硬度下降,维持可溶性固形物、可滴定酸及维生素C等营养物质的含量,较好地保持鲜切苹果的品质,其中总黄酮含量为0.5 g/L的银杏叶提取液处理保鲜效果最佳。     

Characterization and pathogenicity of six Cytospora strains causing stem canker of wild apple in the Tianshan Forest,China

Cytospora species are capable of causing destructive cankers of stems belonging to a wide range of woody plant species. In severe cases, cankers may lead to dieback of twigs and branches. Little is known about the Cytospora species causing canker disease of wild apple (Malus sieversii) trees in the Wild Fruit Forest Reserve in Tianshan Forest, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. In this study, six Cytospora isolates belonging to two species were isolated from cankerous lesions of wild apple twigs. Based on multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis using three DNA markers (ITS, tef1‐α and tub2) and morphological characterization, these isolates were identified as Cytospora mali and Cytospora parasitica. Temperature trials (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) showed that the optimal growth temperature for six isolates was 25°C. At a variety of temperatures, C. mali isolates tended to grow faster than isolates of C. parasitica, with the C. mali isolate, EGI1 performing better than others with regard to growth rate. Morphological observations showed that these species exhibited a single locule without conceptacles, and the conidia length was 3–5 μm. In vitro inoculation trials of twigs and leaves of M. sieversii seedlings revealed that the C. mali isolates were highly virulent phytopathogenic fungi, whereas the C. parasitica isolates were less virulent. The isolate EGI1 was the most virulent isolate among the six isolates. This paper presents the first report of pathogenic Cytospora spp. of the M. sieversii Tianshan Wild Fruit Forest Reserve of Yili, Xinjiang in China. It will aid in the understanding of how apple tree cankers are induced and provide disease management guidelines for M. sieversii forest conservation.     

提高花粉饲养伪钝绥螨繁殖力的试验

单独用苹果花粉喂养伪钝绥螨,其后代生活力降低。本文报道在苹果花粉中分别添加30％王浆水、30％蜂蜜水饲养伪钝绥螨,或用苹果花粉和朱砂叶螨交替喂食。结果表明,其后代成螨性比较单独用苹果花粉喂食者均有提高,雌成螨自食其卵现象基本消除。其中以苹果花粉和朱砂叶螨交替供食者效果最好,后代成活率明显提高。以苹果花粉为主食料,定期添加朱砂叶螨,5周后伪钝绥螨的增殖倍数与完全取食朱砂叶螨者相近。     

苹果bZIP转录因子基因MdAREB2功能的初步研究

对‘嘎拉’苹果中的1个bZIP转录因子基因MdAREB2(序列号:MDP0000248567)进行功能初步研究。蛋白进化树分析表明,苹果MdAREB2与拟南芥AtAREB2具有很高的同源性。利用PlantCare数据库进行启动子顺式作用元件的预测分析,MdAREB2启动子序列中存在脱落酸响应元件ABRE。实时定量PCR检测表明,MdAREB2明显受ABA诱导。拟南芥种子萌发阶段经过0.5和2μmol·L~(-1)ABA处理后发现突变体abi5中过量表达MdAREB2能够恢复对ABA的敏感性。拟南芥幼苗生长阶段,经过20μmol·L~(-1) ABA处理后发现,突变体abi5中过量表达MdAREB2能够部分恢复对ABA的敏感性。     

进境美国苹果果实中黑斑病病原的初步鉴定

从美国进境苹果中截获的链格孢Alternaria sp．，经分离纯化后，得到菌株（MP1），通过观察其产孢表型、孢子的形态特征以及接种试验后的病果症状，初步确定为苹果黑斑病菌Alternaria mali Roberts。     

陕北山地苹果树形改造研究

为促进陕北丘陵沟壑区山地苹果的优质高效生产,本研究将传统稀植果园中主要采用的主干疏层形改造为小冠疏层形、纺锤形或圆柱形、高干开心形和开心形,测定不同树形的树冠透光率、树冠大小、一年生枝和结果枝的数量及组成比例、果实产量和品质等指标,并估算其产值。结果表明:与对照主干疏层形相比,高干开心形和开心形的树冠大而扁,树冠透光率较高。开心形的叶丛枝和短枝占全树枝条的61.21%,树势中庸偏上;主干疏层形、小冠疏层形和高干开心形的叶丛枝和短枝占全树枝条的70.00%以上,树势较弱。开心形的短果枝占结果枝的60.68%,中果枝占28.67%,利于连年优质丰产;主干疏层形的短果枝占结果枝的85.00%,中果枝仅占8.79%,易形成隔年结果。不同树形的果实产量以主干疏层形的最高,其次为开心形;果实品质、均匀度和价格均以开心形的最高,主干疏层形的最低;经济产值以开心形的最高,其次为主干疏层形,高干开心形的最低。综上,建议将陕北丘陵沟壑区山地稀植苹果园的主干疏层形改造为开心形。     

Investigation and genetic mapping of a Glomerella leaf spot resistance locus in apple

Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is a severe fungal disease that damages apple leaves during the summer in China. Breeding new apple varieties that are resistant to the disease is considered the best way of controlling GLS. Fine mapping and tightly linked marker are critically essential for the preselection of resistant seedlings. In this study, a population of 207 F₁ individuals derived from a cross between ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’ was used to construct a fine simple sequence repeat (SSR)‐based genetic linkage map. The position of R_gls, a locus responsible for resistance to GLS, was identified on apple linkage group (LG) 15 using SSR markers CH05g05 and CH01d08, which was adapted from a published set of 300 SSR markers that were developed using the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) method. These two SSR markers flanked the gene, and its recombination rate was 8.7% and 23.2%, respectively. A total of 276 newly developed SSR markers around the target region and designed from the genome apple assembly contig of LG15 were screened. Only nine of these were determined to be linked to the R_gls locus. Thus, a total of 11 SSR markers were in linkage with R_gls, and mapped at distances ranging from 0.5 to 33.8 cM. The closest marker to the R_gls locus was S0405127, which showed a genetic distance of approximately 0.5 cM. The first mapping of the gene R_gls was constructed, and the locations of the 11 effective primers in the ‘Golden Delicious’ apple genome sequence were anchored. This result facilitates better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the trait of resistance to GLS and could be used in improving the breeding efficiency of GLS‐resistant apple varieties.     

苹果园春季土施尿素的利用及其在土壤中的累积

 以7年生嘎拉苹果/平邑甜茶为试材, 利用¹⁵N示踪技术, 研究了苹果生产体系中氮素年周期 的利用、残留、损失及在土壤中的迁移动态。结果表明, 对春季土施尿素的利用率盛花期较低, 为11.38% , 至采收后达到最高。土壤氮素残留率盛花期最高, 为57.10% , 果实采后残留率最低。年周期中各土层氮素残留量不同, 盛花期20～40 cm土层残留量最高, 采收后最低, 0～20 cm土层在新梢旺长期残留量最高, 果实成熟期最低, 而40～60 cm土层在果实膨大期残留量达到最高, 在采收后0～20 cm土层残留有所增加, 其余各土层残留量均达到最低值。氮素损失与土壤残留呈相反的变化趋势, 氮素损失率在盛花期最低为31.53% , 随物候期的推迟逐渐升高, 在果实采后高达58.40%     

运用气压过程分离法测定旱地苹果园土壤硝化-反硝化作用

本研究利用气压过程分离法测定了旱地苹果园土壤的硝化-反硝化作用,介绍了该方法的基本原理和测定方法,并研究其在苹果园中的应用条件.结果表明,土柱取样深度以0～21 cm为宜,此深度既考虑到肥料和根际效应也避免土柱发生紧实作用;土柱取样量以每个处理3个环刀,重复3次较好;苹果园土壤总硝化速率和反硝化速率年周期变化动态呈先升高后降低的趋势.     

新型农药对苹果轮纹病与炭疽病防效试验初报

通过新型农药60.00%唑醚·代森联(百泰)WG和25.00%吡唑醚菌酯(凯润)EC防治苹果轮纹病、炭疽病的试验研究,结果表明60.00%百泰WG、25.00%凯润EC的防治效果与对照药剂70.00%甲基托布津WP的防效相当;而储藏期百泰、凯润的防治效果比较理想,要显著优于对照药剂。