利用过氧化物酶同工酶进行苹果矮化砧早期预选的研究

利用过氧化物酶同工酶分析方法,对１５９株苹果矮化砧杂交后代进行了早期预选。     

基于高斯自适应拟合的苹果目标分割方法研究

苹果目标的准确识别是苹果机械化采摘需要解决的关键问题之一。为此,基于YUV颜色空间模型,提出了一种结合色差分量与高斯自适应拟合算法的苹果目标分割方法。该方法采用首先将苹果目标由RGB颜色空间转换至YUV颜色空间,并利用色差分量V建立果实与背景分割的高斯分布拟合模型,根据拟合结果自动获取分割阈值,以实现自然场景下苹果目标的准确分割。为了验证文中算法的有效性,利用多幅图像进行了试验并与Otsu自适应阈值分割算法进行了比较。试验结果表明,采用文中算法得到的苹果果实的平均检出率达87.08%,识别率领先Otsu算法9.91%。因此,对于着色度较为均匀的苹果目标,采用高斯自适应拟合方法可以有效提高其识别率。     

Effects of apple pomace proportion levels on the fermentation quality of total mixed ration silage and its digestibility,preference and ruminal fermentation in beef cows

Four Japanese black beef cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to evaluate the fermentation quality, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and preference of total mixed ration (TMR) silages prepared with differing proportions of apple pomace (AP). Experimental treatments were the control (no AP added, CAP), 5% (low, LAP), 10% (medium, MAP) and 20% (high, HAP) of TMR dry matter (DM) as AP. All TMR silages were well preserved. Ethanol was produced in silages containing AP and the amount increased with the proportion of AP (P < 0.05). Nutrient digestibility with LAP, MAP and HAP treatment was lower than that with CAP treatment (P < 0.05). The ruminal molar proportion of acetic acid increased (P < 0.05), but the ruminal ammonia‐N concentration decreased (P < 0.05) as the proportion of AP increased. The preference of the animals was highest for HAP, followed by MAP, CAP and LAP. This study demonstrates that decrease in nutrient digestibility might be related to the ethanol produced naturally from AP. Therefore, the proportion of AP in TMR silages should be less than 5% of dietary DM.     

An Aqueous Extract of the Dry Mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum Induces Resistance in Several Crops under Controlled and Field Conditions

We have examined the effect of Pen, an aqueous extract of the dry mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum, on plant–pathogen interactions. Pen controlled a broad range of pathogens on several crop plants under greenhouse and field conditions. Pen protected grapevine from downy and powdery mildew (caused by Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator), tomato from early blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans), onion from downy mildew (Peronospora destructor) and apple trees from apple scab (caused by Venturia inaequalis) to a similar extent as fungicides such as copper and sulphur or well-known inducers such as benzothiadiazole or β-aminobutyric acid. Pen had no major direct fungicidal effect and is thus supposed to protect plants by activating their defense mechanisms. The raw material for extraction of Pen was available in constant quality, a prerequisite for commercial application. Under certain conditions, Pen caused phytotoxic side effects. The symptoms mostly consisted of small necrotic spots or, more rarely, of larger necrotic areas. The development of the symptoms was dependent on several parameters, including concentration of Pen, the number of applications, the persistence on the plant tissue, the plant species and variety and environmental conditions. In grapevine, a partially purified fraction of Pen was much less toxic than the crude Pen extract, but protected the plants to a similar extent against P. viticola. Our data show that Pen has interesting and unique properties as a plant protection agent, but more research is needed to further reduce its phytotoxic side effects.     

不同花粉对苹果果实中抗坏血酸相关酶活性的影响

采用自育高效授粉树的花粉,在富士、金帅、嘎啦苹果铃铛花期时进行授粉,自授粉后20天的幼果开始间隔20天连续采样,对果实抗坏血酸(AsA)代谢中关键酶抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、L －半乳糖－1,4－内酯脱氢酶(GalLDH)、L －半乳糖脱氢酶( GalDH),以及 AsA含量进行测定。结果表明：苹果果实 AsA 的迅速积累期主要为授粉后40～60天期间,用高效授粉树花粉授粉的果实,在整个生长发育过程中,L －半乳糖内酯脱氢酶的活性均比对照果实有明显的提高,对于 L－半乳糖脱氢酶,虽然该酶在授粉果实内活性较对照果实有所提高,但其在整个生长发育时期活性比较低;对于处理果实,其还原酶 MDHAR和 DHAR的活性提高,而氧化酶 AAO和 APX的活性却较对照果实降低,但总体活性水平差异不显著。AAO,APX,MDHAR,DHAR 4个酶均在果实发育初期存在较高的活性,以后逐渐降低并维持在稳定的水平,后期活性不高。这表明经高效授粉树授粉处理的果实主要是通过提高果实内 AsA 合成酶的活性来提高果实内 AsA的含量。     

茶树精油-海藻酸钠复合涂膜对鲜切苹果品质的影响

以山东富士苹果为试材,通过测定鲜切苹果经不同浓度茶树精油(0.1％、0.3％、0.5％(V/V))和1.5％(m/V)海藻酸钠复合涂膜处理后,在4℃贮藏过程中失重率、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、色差、VC含量、总酚含量及抗氧化活性的变化,研究茶树精油-海藻酸钠复合涂膜对鲜切苹果品质的影响.结果表明:适宜浓度的茶树精油复合海藻酸钠涂膜处理可以有效保持鲜切苹果的鲜度和硬度,减少失重率的增加和可溶性固形物含量的降低,抑制褐变,同时减缓VC含量、总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除能力的下降速度.其中,1.5％海藻酸钠和0.1％茶树精油复配涂膜处理鲜切苹果的效果最佳.该研究结果可为茶树精油复合海藻酸钠涂膜在鲜切水果保鲜上的深入研究和应用提供参考.     

Formulation and Physicochemical and Sensorial Evaluation of Biscuit-Type Cookies Supplemented with Fruit Powders

Cashew apple and guava residues from fruit juice industry were prepared as dehydrated fruit powders and used at different levels of wheat flour substitution for cookies formulations. The effects of guava and cashew apple fruit powders supplementation on physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of the cookies were evaluated. The pH, fibre and protein content were significantly affected. Biscuits with 15 g and 20 g/100g cashew apple and guava fruit powders showed the highest scores for sensorial attributes, respectively. The supplementation seems to be suited for wheat flour substitution and it is possible to obtain cookies with value-added food ingredient within the standards.     

诊断施肥综合法（DRIS）在渭北旱塬红富士 苹果营养诊断中的应用

本研究通过提前叶片采样时期,运用诊断施肥综合法(DRIS)对不同产量水平红富士苹果进行了叶片矿质营养诊断,以期为早期红富士苹果营养诊断与科学施肥提供依据.测定诊断结果表明,渭北旱塬红富士苹果叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn的适宜值分别为26.04±3.50 g·kg-1、2.84+0.74 g·kg-1、15.05±4.08 g·kg-1、14.25±3.04 g·kg-1、3.15±0.73 g·kg-1、12.69±3.14 mg· kg-1、262.87±82.05 mg·kg-1、96.33±33.35 mg·kg-1、23.57±10.13 mg·kg-1.选择的DRIS诊断参数中,除N/Zn、Cu/P、P/Zn、Ca/Zn、Mg/Zn和Cu/Zn外,30种表示形式的变异系数均表现出低产组(＜ 25 kg·tree-1)大于高产组(＜25 kg·tree-1);高产组和低产组的养分不平衡指数(NII)分别为73和88.相对于高产组,低产组元素间关系更不平衡.总体而言,渭北旱塬区红富士苹果园除产量高于41.3kg· tree-需肥顺序排在第一位的元素为Cu外,其它均为P;需肥顺序排在第二位的元素高产为K,低产果园仅当产量低于10.2 kg·tree-1时为K,其余为Zn;而排在第三位的,高产均为Ca,低产均为Mg.     

不同品种葡萄渣对苜蓿青贮品质和有氧稳定性的影响

为探究不同品种葡萄渣对紫花苜蓿蛋白水解和有氧稳定性的影响,采用“甘农四号”紫花苜蓿作为青贮原料,分别添加马尔贝克(MC)、美乐(MT)、蛇龙珠(CG)3个品种葡萄渣50、100和150 g·kg^-1调制青贮饲料。试验共设置10个处理组,对苜蓿青贮后发酵品质、蛋白组分、蛋白质降解酶、微生物数量及有氧稳定性进行测定及分析。结果表明:3种葡萄渣在100和150 g·kg^-1的添加量下,均显著降低了青贮pH值(P<0.05);非蛋白氮含量随葡萄渣添加量增加而下降,以马尔贝克150 g·kg^-1最低,为430.25 g·kg^-1;添加葡萄渣降低了青贮中氨态氮含量,但添加量的变化对氨态氮含量影响不明显;美乐150 g·kg^-1对青贮羧基肽酶抑制作用最强,酶活性由17.56 μmol·h^-1下降至6.51 μmol·h^-1;葡萄渣增加了青贮发酵后乳酸菌数量,且抑制了霉菌的生长,蛇龙珠150 g·kg^-1乳酸菌数量最高,对照霉菌数量为3.02 log₁₀ cfu·g^-1,显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);3种葡萄渣均减缓了青贮有氧暴露阶段霉变腐败速度,其中美乐150 g·kg^-1处理组有氧腐败所用时间最长。综上所述,不同品种葡萄渣均能改善苜蓿青贮发酵品质,抑制蛋白酶活性,减少青贮蛋白水解程度,并提高了苜蓿青贮有氧稳定性。     

蓝莓果渣中熊果苷提取工艺的研究

以蓝莓果渣为原料,研究熊果苷的适宜提取条件。试验采用超声波辅助提取法从蓝莓果渣中提取熊果苷,采用正交试验确定适宜的提取工艺条件。试验结果表明,熊果苷提取的适宜工艺条件是乙醇浓度60%,料液比1∶20g/mL,超声时间40min,超声功率400W,在此条件下,熊果苷提取效果较好。