东北春玉米连作体系土壤剖面无机氮的变化特征

【目的】研究不同施肥方式对东北春玉米生长及连作体系土壤中氮素含量的影响,为春玉米的合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】2005-2006年,在东北中部黑土春玉米连作区进行2年的田间定点试验,研究了一次性施肥（农民习惯施肥1、农民习惯施肥2）和推荐施肥条件下,玉米不同生育阶段地上部生物量和吸氮量及土壤无机氮含量的变化特征,并对土壤氮素表观盈亏进行了估算。【结果】玉米地上部生物量和吸氮量均随施氮量的增加而增大,其中推荐施肥处理的生物量和吸氮量均最高。施氮显著增加了0～90 cm土层中的无机氮含量。2个习惯施肥处理土壤的硝态氮含量受降雨量的影响较大,且下移明显;推荐施肥处理可明显降低硝态氮在土壤中的残留。土壤氮素表观盈亏取决于氮肥用量,2006年农民习惯施肥1处理的土壤氮素表观盈余量最高,且多以残留硝态氮的形式累积在深层土壤中。【结论】在东北黑土春玉米连作区,氮肥一次性基施会导致土壤中的无机氮高残留,增加氮损失,易对该地区的生态环境造成威胁,本试验中的推荐施肥是较好的施肥方式。     

非淀粉多糖复合酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能及养分表观利用率的影响

本试验旨在研究非淀粉多糖复合酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能、养分表观利用率的影响。试验采用单因子随机分组试验设计,选取科宝肉鸡商品代1日龄公雏320只,随机分成2个处理组,各处理组8个重复,每个重复20只。处理1饲喂基础饲粮,处理2饲喂基础饲粮+150 g/t NSP复合酶制剂F。1-21 d基础饲粮采用玉米-豆粕型饲粮,22-42 d基础饲粮采用玉米-豆粕-杂粕型饲粮,低温制粒。结果表明,在1-21 d肉鸡的玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加NSP酶制剂F对肉鸡生产性能和养分表观利用率无改善作用,而在高杂粕(3%菜粕、3%棉粕和8%DDGS)的玉米-豆粕-杂粕型肉鸡饲粮中添加NSP复合酶制剂F对22-42 d和1-42 d肉鸡生产性能均有改善作用,在一定程度上改善了22-42 d肉鸡饲粮的养分表观利用率。     

谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、空肠碱性磷酸酶活性及与肠道健康相关因子基因表达的影响

本研究的目的是探讨饲粮中添加谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、空肠碱性磷酸酶活性及与肠道健康相关因子基因表达的影响.将128头21日龄断奶的“杜×长×大”三元杂交仔猪按照体重、性别一致的原则随机分成2组,分别为对照组和添加1.00％谷氨酰胺组,每组4个重复,每个重复16头仔猪.在仔猪断奶后第10天和第30天,分别从每个重复中采集新鲜粪便样本,然后选择1头接近平均体重的仔猪进行屠宰,取空肠,刮取黏膜.试验期为30 d.结果表明:在断奶后第10天,与对照组相比,谷氨酰胺组平均日增重、干物质、粗蛋白质表观消化率和表观代谢能分别显著提高了19.05％、9.06％、4.77％和7.02％(P＜0.05),大多数必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸表观消化率均有显著的提高(P＜0.05);在断奶后第30天,谷氨酰胺组干物质、粗蛋白质表观消化率和表观代谢能分别显著提高了5.90％、2.80％和6.43％ (P ＜0.05).在断奶后第10天和第30天,谷氨酰胺组仔猪空肠刷状缘碱性磷酸酶活性比对照组分别提高了30.09％(P＜0.05)和5.98％ (P ＞0.05).谷氨酰胺组空肠过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体-γ和丙酮酸激酶基因mRNA表达水平在断奶后第10天比对照组分别下降了10.00％和30.00％ (P ＞0.05);在断奶后第30天比对照组分别显著下降了42.22％和44.52％ (P ＜0.05).在断奶后第10天和第30天,谷氨酰胺组空肠雷帕霉素靶蛋白基因mRNA表达水平分别比对照组提高了22.00％ (P ＞0.05)和22.38％ (P ＜0.05).以上结果提示,谷氨酰胺通过提高空肠碱性磷酸酶活性和调控与肠道健康相关因子基因表达水平来提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和营养物质表观消化率.     

猪源唾液乳杆菌对生长猪氮表观消化率及血清指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨猪源唾液乳杆菌对生长猪氮表观消化率和血清指标的影响。选用平均体重为(35.22±0.86)kg长×大二元杂交猪81头,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复9头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加0.20%、0.40%猪源唾液乳杆菌冻干制剂,试验期为30 d。结果表明:添加0.20%、0.40%的猪源唾液乳杆菌冻干制剂可显著提高生长猪氮表观消化率(P<0.05);与对照组相比,2个试验组猪血清白球比显著降低(P<0.05),尿素氮、乳酸脱氢酶、肌酸激酶含量分别比对照组降低了14.77%和13.42%(P<0.05)、16.92%和20.0%(P<0.05)、28.96%和23.00%(P<0.01),但2个试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,日粮中添加猪源唾液乳杆菌能够提高生长猪氮表观消化率,改善血清指标,减少应激,且以添加剂量为0.20%时效果最好。     

妊娠后期梅花鹿母鹿精料营养成分分析及营养物质表观消化率测定

本研究采用化学分析和部分粪便收集法,对大连森林动物园妊娠后期梅花鹿精料营养成分及主要营养物质的表观消化率进行测定。结果表明:大连其精料中干物质(DM)含量为95.71%,粗蛋白(CP)为22.88%,粗脂肪(EE)为5.37%,粗纤维(CF)为4.16%,无氮浸出物(NFE)为56.21%,粗灰分(Ash)为7.09%,Ca为1.57%,总能(GE)含量为17.74mJ/kg;母鹿日干物质摄入量为1.26kg,DM、CP、CF、Ca和GE表观消化率分别为74.26%,74.26%,82.74%,69.38%,79.41%和78.25%。精料中主要营养成分、干物质日摄入量及营养物质消化率均较高,能满足妊娠后期梅花鹿母鹿在动物园这种特殊环境下的营养需要。     

肉用绵羊生长期甲烷排放特点与预测模型的建立

【目的】通过探索生长期肉用绵羊的甲烷（CH₄）排放规律,旨在建立相关的CH₄预测模型。【方法】采用单因素试验设计,以饲粮NFC/NDF（非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维）为0.78自由采食组的平均日增重作为饲粮NFC/NDF为1.03组和2.17组的限饲标准,在此基础下测定肉用绵羊的生长性能、营养物质消化率和甲烷产量,并分析肉用绵羊不同体重阶段的甲烷产量与饲粮干物质基础下的营养物质含量、营养物质摄入量、可消化营养物质摄入量及营养物质消化率间的回归关系。【结果】预测肉用绵羊生长早期（25—35 kg）CH₄产量的最佳一元和多元回归模型分别为：CH₄（L·d ^-1）= -26.58×NFC/NDF + 92.7（R ² = 0.772,P <0.001）;CH₄ (L·d ^-1)=2.71×NDFD-2.45×DMD-0.97 CPD+124.46（R ²=0.846,P=0.001）。预测肉用绵羊生长后期（48-55 kg）CH₄产量的最佳一元和多元回归模型分别为：CH₄ (L/d)=-57.00×GE (MJ·kg ^-1)+1076.0（R ²=0.581,P=0.002）;CH₄/BW ^0.75(L/kg ^0.75)=-0.013×NDF intake (g/d)-0.13×CP intake (g/d)+0.02×DM intake (g/d)+0.84（R ²=0.652,P=0.019）。而肉用绵羊生长期整体CH₄产量的最佳一元和多元预测模型分别为：CH₄(L/d)=-26.94×NFC/NDF+90.71（R ²=0.655,P <0.001）;CH₄/BW ^0.75(L/kg ^0.75)=0.005×Digestible NDF intake (g·d ^-1)+0.011×Digestible DM intake (g·d ^-1) - 0.097×Digestible CP intake (g·d ^-1)-4.78 （R ²=0.722,P <0.001）。 【结论】建立了肉用绵羊独立生长阶段（25—35 kg、48—55 kg）和整体生长阶段（25—55 kg）的CH₄预测模型。研究表明,处于不同体重阶段的肉用绵羊的最佳甲烷预测因子不尽相同,且甲烷产量受饲粮NFC/NDF影响较大。这可为今后评估我国饲养模式下的甲烷产量提供理论依据,也可为肉用绵羊饲粮的合理配制提供技术参考。     

Replacement of Fishmeal by a Mixture of Soybean Meal and Chlorella Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Crucian Carp,Carassius auratus

A growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a mixture of soybean meal and Chlorella meal (SCM) as a dietary fishmeal (FM) substitute on growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs), digestive enzymatic activities, and histology of juvenile crucian carp, Carassius auratus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 0 (SCM0), 25 (SCM25), 50 (SCM50), 75 (SCM75), and 100% (SCM100) of protein from FM with SCM, respectively. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile crucian carp for 6 wk. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio, and intestinal digestive enzymatic activities (amylase, trypsin, and lipase) tended to decline with increasing FM replacement levels (P > 0.05). Dietary SCM substitution significantly influenced dry matter content in muscle, and crude protein and lipid contents in liver (P < 0.05). ADCs for dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, and most amino acids showed no significant differences between the control and SCM25 group, but tended to decline with replacement levels over 25%. Higher SCM substitution (50–100%) caused karyopyknosis and necrosis in liver, but intestinal histology did not show noticeable pathological changes. The present study indicated that FM could be replaced by 25% of SCM, without significant adverse growth performance, feed utilization, and histology of crucian carp.     

不同饲喂方式对南方奶牛产奶性能、养分消化和代谢的影响

研究了具有南方奶牛日粮类型特征的相同精粗比日粮的不同饲喂方式对奶牛的采食行为、产奶性能、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物的影响。选用体重相近的12头荷斯坦奶牛,采用单因子设计,根据产奶量、胎次及泌乳天数随机分为2组（n=6）,分别为精粗分饲组（SI）和全混合日粮组（TMR）,精饲料：粗饲料均为50：50。试验结果表明：奶牛采食量无差异,在相同精粗比日粮下,TMR饲养技术极显著减少了奶牛的采食时间（P〈0.01）,显著增加了反刍时间（P〈0.05）,TMR组奶牛的乳脂率、4%标准奶产量、乳脂产量、乳糖产量和乳固形物产量分别比SI组显著提高11.20%、11.60%、17.50%、13.21%和9.86%（P〈0.05）,但对奶牛咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物影响不显著（P〉0.05）。在南方奶牛典型日粮采用TMR饲养技术时,与精粗分饲相比,可提高奶牛的产奶性能,但对奶牛的采食量、咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物没有显著影响。     

Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a feasible method for characterizing regional lymph nodes in canine patients with head and neck disease

In dogs diagnosed with solid tumors, regional lymph node involvement or evidence of distant metastasis can predict worse prognoses and significantly decreased survival. Lymph node size alone has been shown to be insufficient as a predictor for the accurate clinical staging of some canine neoplasia. However, certain regional lymph nodes (including those of the oral cavity) are difficult to access for routine tissue sampling. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has demonstrated the ability to differentiate metastatic from inflammatory/benign lymph nodes in clinical studies with human cancer patients through the calculation of quantitative values of diffusion termed apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC). The objective of this prospective, exploratory study was to evaluate diffusion‐weighted MRI and ADC as potential methods for detecting metastatic lymph nodes in dogs with naturally occurring disease. We hypothesized that diffusion‐weighted MRI would identify significantly different ADC values between benign and metastatic lymph nodes in a group of canine patients with head or neck disease. Our study population consisted of eight client‐owned canine patients, with a total of 20 lymph nodes evaluated (six metastatic, 14 benign). Our results demonstrated that two of four observers identified a significant difference between the mean ADC values of the benign and metastatic lymph nodes. When data from all four observers were pooled, the difference between the mean apparent diffusion coefficients values of the benign and metastatic lymph nodes did not reach significance (P‐value = 0.0566). Findings indicated that diffusion‐weighted MRI is a feasible method for further characterizing enlarged lymph nodes in dogs with head and neck disease, however measured ADC values did not differ for benign vs. metastatic lymph nodes in this small sample of dogs.