Effects of granivorous rodents on direct seeding of oak and beech in relation to site preparation and sowing date

Planting bare-rooted seedlings is a rather expensive method to regenerate oak (Quercus robur) and beech (Fagus sylvatica). Direct seeding could reduce artificial regeneration costs substantially, but the method currently suffers from a number of problems, one of which is seed consumption by rodents. In the present study clear-cut areas in southern Sweden were prepared using one of four different mechanical site preparation methods – disc trenching, patch scarification, topsoil removal or mounding – then manually sown with acorns and beech nuts. Acorns were sown in May and July 2006, and both acorns and beech nuts were sown in May 2007. Three years following sowing, best seedling establishment from viable acorns, 60–70%, was achieved after sowing in mounds in May, and the subsequent survival reached 90–100%. After the first growing season for beech, both seedling establishment and subsequent survival was lower than for oak, which coincides with a higher number of lost beech nuts at the excavation to investigate the fate of seeds. Granivorous rodents (Apodemus flavicollis, A. sylvaticus, Mus musculus, and Myodes glareolus) were live-trapped more frequently in the vicinity of slash piles compared to other micro-site features, such as uprooted stumps, snags and stones. In 2006, no connection was found between number of rodents captured and proportion of lost seeds, while in 2007 the two were in good accordance. No clear relationship was found between number of captured rodents, vegetation cover class and mechanical site preparation method. More rodents were captured in 2007 than in 2006, and there was an increase in captures from spring until late summer/autumn for both years, which was mirrored in the seedling establishment result from the three different times of sowing. Based on experiences from the present study the recommendation for successful direct seeding of oak on clear-cuts is a combination of mounding site preparation, removal of slash and sowing in May rather than July. However, the results indicate that successful direct seeding of beech is more difficult to achieve.     

ZnFe-LDHs覆膜改性人工湿地基质脱氮除磷性能研究

以空心砖、蛭石、沸石、煤渣4种人工湿地常用基质为研究对象,进行ZnFe-LDHs双金属覆膜改性。以静态吸附试验为主,对改性前后的基质进行污水脱氮除磷试验研究并探讨其吸附机理,结果表明:与原始基质相比,改性后的各基质对总磷的吸附量均有不同程度的提高,改性空心砖的吸附效果最佳,总磷的吸附量提升了17%。沸石改性后对氨氮的吸附量提升了18%,增加明显,其余改性基质对氨氮吸附量增加不明显。基质改性前后对氨氮和总磷的吸附均符合Freundlich规律。     

稻麦平床燃油干燥机的研制

针对农村农户,设计了稻麦平床燃油干燥机,适于小批量稻麦干燥生产。整机设计烘干段采用分体结构,卸粮操作采用旋转方式,并对燃烧器改造及烘干机的有关计算做了阐述。     

Low sulfide concentrations affect nitrate transformations in freshwater and saline coastal retention pond sediments

Coastal areas in the southeastern USA are prone to hurricanes and strong storms that may cause salt-water influx to freshwater aquatic sediments. These changes in environmental conditions may impact sediment processes including nitrogen (N) cycling. The relative abilities of sediment microbial communities from two freshwater golf course retention ponds that drain into the adjacent wetlands, and two proximal saline wetland ponds, to remove nitrate (NO₃⁻) were compared to assess whether low concentrations of sulfide changed N-transformation processes. Microcosms were incubated with NO₃-N (300 μg g dw⁻¹) alone, and with NO₃-N and sulfide (H₂S) (100 and 200 μg g dw⁻¹). Nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitrite (NO₂⁻), NO₃⁻, ammonium (NH₄⁺), SO₄²⁻ and acid volatile sulfides were analyzed over time. The acetylene block technique was used to measure denitrification in sediment microcosms with no added H₂S. Denitrification was measured without acetylene (C₂H₂) addition in microcosms with added H₂S. With no added H₂S, denitrification was greater in the freshwater retention ponds than in the wetland ponds. Although low H₂S concentrations generally increased NO₃-N removal rates at all sites, lag periods were increased and denitrification was inhibited by low sulfide in the freshwater sediments, as evidenced by the greater concentrations of N₂O that accumulated compared to those in the wetland sediments. In addition to the inability of the freshwater sediments to convert N₂O to N₂ in the absence of C₂H₂, anomalously high transient NO₂-N concentrations accumulated in the retention pond samples. NH₄-N formation generally decreased due to H₂S addition at the freshwater sites; NH₄-N formation increased initially at the wetland sites, but was greater when no H₂S was added. Storm events that allow influx of SO₄²⁻-containing seawater into freshwater systems may change the dominant N species produced from nitrate reduction. Even low concentrations of sulfide produced incomplete denitrification and decreased formation of NH₄⁺ in these coastal freshwater sediments.     

洞庭湖区地下水生物除锰试验研究

通过试验 ,研究了洞庭湖区地下水生物除锰滤池的成熟过程与除锰效果 ,探讨了 pH值、氧化还原电位 (ORP)以及亚铁离子 (Fe2 + )与生物除锰的关系。结果表明 ,石英砂滤池除锰能力与砂层细菌含量密切相关 ;在试验进水水质条件下 ,通过自然培养 ,石英砂生物除锰滤池可在 6 0天内培养成熟 ;在 12m/h的较高滤速下 ,生物滤池仍有良好的除锰、除浊效果和很长的过滤周期 ;当出水 pH为 5～ 8.5时 ,出水含锰量小于 0 .1mg/L ,但当pH <5时 ,出水含锰量随进水 pH值的降低而急剧增加 ;当ORP为 4 30～ 72 0mV时 ,生物滤池具有良好的除锰效果 ;Fe2 + 与生物滤池除锰能力密切相关 .     

江坪河放空洞有压洞口段衬砌混凝土冬季温控方案分析

冬季衬砌混凝土施工面临的寒潮等问题,容易导致混凝土产生裂缝.基于有限元分析软件ANSYS,对江坪河放空洞有压段洞口段衬砌厚度为1.0 m的混凝土的拆模时间、围岩特性以及在遭遇寒潮时保温与否等6种不同的方案的进行了分析,并提出相应的温控方案和温控标准供设计与施工参考.     

不同用量的呼吸环和陶瓷环处理养殖废水中氨氮的效果

采用挂膜法在曝气式生物滤池中比较分析不同用量的呼吸环和陶瓷环处理养殖废水时NH_4~+-N,NO_2~--N的质量浓度变化,并构建浓度变化模型公式。结果表明,不同生物滤料、不同用量的NH_4~+-N质量浓度均随处理时间延长而逐渐下降,NO_2~--N质量浓度先上升至峰值然后下降。14%红色呼吸环、10%红色呼吸环NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N处理效果最优,处理的第21~23天NH_4~+-N达最低值(0.056±0.014)mg·L~(-1),去除率为97.37%;处理的第10天NO_2~--N达到峰值(1.722±0.014)mg·L~(-1),第24~26天达最低值(0.024±0.009)mg·L~(-1)。不同比例不同生物滤料NH_4~+-N去除效果满足模型公式y=a/(1+be~(cx))+d,NO_2~--N去除效果满足模型公式y=x~ae~((b/x+cx))+d。     

Random point sampling to detect gain and loss in tree canopy cover in response to urban densification

Urban tree canopy cover (UTC) is a simple, and common, measure of urban forest resource. Urban infill development is likely to lead to losses in UTC under private tenure, at a time when local governments are setting ambitious targets to increase UTC overall. Simple, statistically rigorous methods are required to benchmark and track change in UTC, whilst identifying which land-use types or tenures experience change.We estimated UTC in six Melbourne suburbs in 2010 and 2015 by randomly sampling 2000 points across public land, public streetscapes and private land. We were able to detect a net change in UTC of <2% over five years to a 95% level of confidence. A significant net decrease in UTC (−2.4%) was only detected in one of the six suburbs. Two suburbs had a net increase in UTC by +2.7% over five years. On private land, there was often areas of UTC loss, but this was generally offset by canopy gain in other areas of the private realm as well as in streetscapes and public land. Losses in UTC on private land were mainly due to tree removal, with or without subsequent construction works.This study describes a simple, but statistically rigorous, method to quantify UTC change and the drivers of change in different land-use types and tenure. Despite studying two suburbs will high rates of infill development, only one suburb showed evidence of net UTC decrease. The ‘dynamic equilibrium’ in UTC, whereby canopy losses area approximately offset by concurrent canopy gain, means that ambitious targets being set by local governments to increase UTC may be difficult to achieve without changes in tree protection and infill development policy and planning.     

刚手藻对水中N、P的神制及其环境条件研究

利用刚毛藻处理水中NH3-N、NO3-N、NO2-N、TN、TP,选择藻量、温度、光照、处理时间作为控制因子,研究不同条件及实际不同水环境下刚毛藻对水中N、P控制的影响。结果表明,藻量控制在1.5 g/L时藻对水样中NH3-N、NO3-N、NO2-N、TN、TP的去除效果较好;T-P的去除速率较快,在5 d即能取得较好效果,其次是NH3-N,在12 d左右达动态平衡,T-N的去除14 d为适应处理时间;当温度为20℃时,NH3-N、NO3-N、NO2-N、TP水体处理效果较好,TN处理最适宜温度出现在30℃;光照则表现为照度3 000 lx±100 lx时,NH3-N、NO3-N、NO2-N、TP去除效果较好。刚毛藻对不同水环境的N、P处理,T-N、T-P、NO2-N、NH3-N的处理均能达到较好的处理效果,且差异明显,但对NO3-N处理效果不甚理想。     

机械清除法解决管道水合物堵塞的工程实践

针对苏里格气田采用的湿气集输工艺,对水合物的几种防治方法进行研究和对比,包括加热法、逐级节流法、添加热力学抑制剂、机械清除法。结果表明：通过现场试验,在完全掌握水合物冻堵时间规律的基础上,使用机械清除法既可以避免卡阻问题,又能有效清除水合物,防止管道冻堵,且该方法具有直接、彻底、易操作、无污染、经济等优点。基于管道运行中水合物的生成规律,提出了以机械清除法为主的水合物防治方法,并就工艺装置的改造提出建议。