生物炭对滨海盐渍土理化性质及玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

以黄河三角洲典型盐化潮土为供试土壤,设置12.5,25.0,50.0,100 g/kg 4个梯度生物炭添加量,通过盆栽试验研究不同添加量下生物炭对滨海盐渍土理化性质及玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,随着生物炭添加量的增加,盐渍土的电导率、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量及易氧化有机碳的含量呈现显著增加的趋势;不同生物炭添加量下,盐渍土的pH、碱解氮含量略有下降,但各添加量处理间差异不显著;而生物炭对盐渍土可交换态钠含量无显著影响。(2)添加适量生物炭(12.5,25.0,50.0 g/kg)可显著提高玉米幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性和根系活力,并降低叶片超氧阴离子产生速率和过氧化氢含量,从而改善玉米幼苗的生理性状;然而,较高的生物炭添加量(100 g/kg)对幼苗抗氧化系统产生不良影响,造成植物体内活性氧的累积。因此,添加适量生物炭可以改善滨海盐渍土的理化性质,并在一定程度上有效改善盐胁迫下玉米幼苗的生理特性,但较高用量对作物抗氧化系统具有抑制作用。     

稻虾轮作模式下江汉平原土壤理化性状特征研究

稻虾轮作模式在湖北江汉平原已发展近30年,对农民增产增收具有重要作用。开展不同年限稻虾轮作对土壤理化性质影响的研究,有助于科学指导该模式下的农田管理。在同一农渠范围内选择相似的稻田,分别采集水稻单作(CK)和稻虾轮作(1、3、7、13、18和23a)的3个土层深度(0～20、20～40和40～60 cm)原状土样,分析其相应的理化指标。结果显示,与中稻单作相比,长期稻虾轮作会显著降低0～20和20～40 cm土层土壤容重并提高非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度,而40～60 cm土层变化较小;稻虾轮作1 a后土壤pH、全氮和易氧化有机碳含量显著增加,但速效养分和阳离子交换量增幅不明显。与稻虾轮作1 a相比,轮作7～13 a稻田的土壤pH和其他各项指标均显著增加;轮作13 a以上,0～20 cm土层的pH、全氮和速效养分增幅最为明显,但20～60 cm土层的理化性质无明显变化。随着轮作年限的延长,0～20 cm土层的pH和其他各项指标均表现为:23 a18 a13a7a1a0(CK),20～40cm和40～60cm土层的pH、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量也有相似规律,但增幅并不明显。因此,长期稻虾轮作有助于改善耕层土壤结构、增强土壤缓冲能力和提高pH及氮、磷、钾等速效养分含量。     

温度对玉米秸秆成型颗粒烘焙制备生物炭及其特性的影响

采用低温烘焙技术制备玉米秸秆成型生物炭,可解决玉米秸秆带来的环境污染及资源浪费。研究以玉米秸秆成型颗粒为原料,利用固定床反应器,制备了不同烘焙温度(250～400℃)成型生物炭,采用元素分析、工业分析、能量产率、质量产率、机械性能、疏水性、红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、元素K含量等分析生物炭特性。随烘焙温度升高,热值增加,能量产率降低,400℃时,成型生物炭热值为21.86MJ/kg,能量产率为50.17%。成型生物炭颗粒表面裂纹增多,机械性能降低,350℃烘焙成型生物炭(CSP350)机械性能好于400℃烘焙成型生物炭(CSP400),低于成型生物质颗。烘焙生物炭疏水性提升,可贮藏于室外。成型玉米秸秆经烘焙热解发生了脱水、脱羰基、脱甲基反应,纤维素、半纤维素热解剧烈,木质素开始热解。随温度升高,其孔径呈下降趋势,比表面积增大。结果表明,玉米秸秆成型烘焙生物炭可作为优质生物燃料,适宜制备温度为300～350℃。     

不同林分类型土壤理化特征及其对土壤入渗过程的影响

利用双环入渗法对黄土残塬沟壑区主要林分类型（刺槐林、油松林、刺槐×油松混交林、山杨栎类天然次生林）进行土壤入渗试验,分析4种林分类型土壤理化特征及其对土壤入渗过程的影响。结果表明：（1）研究区不同林分类型土壤理化特征存在一定差异,山杨栎类天然次生林的土壤理化性质总体最好,刺槐×油松混交林优于刺槐林和油松林;（2）0~90 min测试时间内,不同林分类型的土壤入渗速率随时间的变化规律均表现为迅速递减（0~5 min）、逐渐递减（5~60 min）和趋于稳定（60~90 min）的过程;4种林分的土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率和平均入渗速率由大到小依次为山杨栎类天然次生林、刺槐×油松混交林、刺槐林、油松林;（3）4种常见土壤入渗模型（Kostiakov模型、Horton模型、Philip模型和通用经验模型）中,通用经验模型对研究区不同林分类型土壤入渗过程拟合效果最好,拟合精度均在0.990以上;（4）相关性分析结果表明,不同林分类型的土壤入渗指标与土壤容重呈现极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与非毛管孔隙度、> 0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、砂粒含量以及有机质含量呈现极显著正相关（P<0.01）;通过通径分析并计算主要影响因子的决定系数表明,对土壤初始入渗速率影响程度最大的因子是土壤容重（0.309）,对土壤稳定入渗速率影响程度最大的因子是>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（0.251）,对土壤平均入渗速率影响程度最大的因子是有机质（0.408）。研究结果为研究区营造水土保持林树种的选择与水土保持功能评价提供一定参考。     

克拉玛依农业开发区土壤理化性状及其可持续发展利用

通过对克拉玛依农业开发区不同类型植被土壤样地中土壤理化性状和含水量分析,查明了该区土壤质地水平及垂直分布不均、肥力较低、盐土(盐渍土)发育以及潜在的盐渍化威胁,指出了在干旱多风的自然条件下,开发区土壤可持续发展利用存在的问题,并提出相应的对策。     

火烧对土壤性质的影响

火烧以后 ,土壤的各种性质会发生较大变化 ,原因是火向土壤中施加了热量、灰烬 ,并且改变了土壤环境和微气候 ,土壤性质也可因植被和生物活性的改变而发生相应的变化。本文对火烧后土壤生态系统中养分的浓度、有效性、迁移性 ,土壤中的生物和酶活性 ,土壤有机碳库等的变化进行了综合评述 ,以期为森林火灾、草地烧荒后的土壤管理等提供理论参考。     

NaF和PFOS对斑马鱼肝脏抗氧化能力、非特异性免疫及组织结构的影响

为探讨有机氟化物和无机氟化物单一及联合暴露对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)肝脏的毒性效应,本研究将雄性斑马鱼随机分为对照组、氟化钠(NaF,无机氟)暴露组、全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS,有机氟)暴露组、NaF+PFOS(无机氟及有机氟联合)暴露组,经15、30 d暴露试验后,检测了血液硝基蓝四氮唑(NBT)阳性细胞数及肝脏...     

农大4号与DS-1欧李正、反交F1代果实品质的遗传变异分析

为探究欧李果实品质的遗传规律,本研究选用欧李农大4号与DS-1及其正、反交后代群体为试验材料,测定双亲及后代群体果实的平均单果重、核重、纵横径、果形指数、可溶性固形物含量、类黄酮含量、总酚含量及抗氧化能力(DPPH、FRAP、ABTS),对其后代遗传规律进行分析。结果表明,所测定的指标均呈现正态或偏正态分布,呈连续变异,为多基因控制的数量遗传性状。纵径、横径、果形指数和可溶性固形物含量的变异系数均小于20%,后代未出现广泛分离,选择潜力较小,其中果形指数的变异系数最小,选择潜力最小,这与大多数欧李果实呈现扁圆形的情况一致。平均单果重、核重、类黄酮含量、总酚含量和抗氧化能力的变异系数均超过20%,后代广泛分离,选择潜力较大,尤其以平均单果重的选择潜力最大。平均单果重、纵横径受父本影响较大,以大果为父本时更易选出大果后代。果形指数不受父母本影响。可溶性固形物含量和核重表现明显的衰退变异,为趋小性遗传。以高类黄酮、总酚含量和抗氧化能力的植株为母本时,后代更易选出高类黄酮、总酚含量和抗氧化能力的优株。相关性分析将表型特征与内在物质含量相联系,为初步判断物质含量奠定重要基础。主成分分析提取了包括清除ABTS自由基和类黄酮含量的第一主成分和包括纵横径的第二主成分。聚类分析筛选出了具有较高生物活性、较强抗氧化能力和果实较大等不同特征的优株,可根据育种目标加以重点利用。本研究为欧李育种提供了重要参考的意义。     

Influence of spring preparation date and soil water content on seedbed physical conditions of a clayey soil in Sweden

Secondary tillage performed under inadequate soil water contents usually leads to a poor seedbed. Under normal Swedish weather conditions, clayey soils ploughed during autumn form a very dry top layer in spring, which acts as an evaporation barrier so that deeper layers remain wet. Thus, the conventional approach considering soil workability in relation to a single value of soil water content is difficult to apply. Hence, a field experiment was carried out to study the effect of seedbed preparation date, the associated soil water contents and traffic consequences on the physical properties of a spring seedbed. The field was autumn ploughed and the experiment started as soon as the field was trafficable after winter thawing. The seedbed preparation consisted of three harrowing operations on plots 8 m×8 m (three replications) with a spring tined harrow and a tractor mounted with dual tyres and was performed on 10 occasions from the beginning of April to the middle of May. With the exception of some short periods after rain, the soil had a clear water stratification during the experiment, with a very dry superficial layer (5–20 mm thick) contrasting to water contents over 300 g kg⁻¹ from only 40 mm depth. After the harrowing operation, the seedbed aggregate fraction less than 2 mm increased from about 40% at the beginning of April to about 60% for the last four treatments in May. Contributing factors to the rise were attributed to the lower water contents of the top layer (<40 mm) and the drying–wetting and freezing–thawing cycles that occurred in the surface layer during April. There were no significant differences in bulk density after harrowing between the treatments but an increase in penetration resistance up to a depth of 180 mm in the harrowed plots was statistically significant (P<0.001). In the non-harrowed soil, penetration resistance also increased, including in those soil layers where water contents kept nearly constant.

In conclusion, the seedbed preparation dates had only a minor effect on soil compaction, as measured by bulk density and penetration resistance, due to the slow drying beneath the dry top layer. The fraction of fine aggregates in the seedbed increased with time. Thus, the optimal time for seedbed preparation depended mainly on soil friability and not on the risk of compaction.     

A subsoil compaction database: its development, structure and content

A database which holds results of field and laboratory experiments on the impact of subsoil compaction on physical and mechanical soil parameters and on crop yields and environmental impact is being developed within the EU sponsored concerted action (CA) project “Experiences with the impact of subsoil compaction on soil, crop growth and environment and ways to prevent subsoil compaction”. The database accumulates and can provide all available data from the participants of the European Union countries, and is compatible with the European Soil Database and other related databases.

More than 600 sets of data (Excel workbooks) from participants from the European Union, plus Poland, Switzerland and Norway are included in the database. Through a similar EU sponsored CA, Eastern European countries are expected to deliver 260 sets of data thus bringing the total number of Excel workbooks to approximately 860. In total, the database will contain approximately 13,500 data spreadsheets.

The objective of the database is to collect data on subsoil compaction, to store it in a structured format and to make it available for analysis and use. Thereby it will enable elucidation of the impact of subsoil compaction on soil properties, crop yields and environment and evaluate the vulnerability of soils to compaction.