Six New Diterpene Glycosides from the Soft Coral Lemnalia bournei

A chemical study on the extracts of soft coral Lemnalia bournei resulted in the isolation and identification of six new bicyclic diterpene glycosides including three new lemnaboursides E–G (1–3), and three new lemnadiolboursides A–C (4–6), along with three known lemnaboursides (7–9). Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis, ECD analysis, chemical methods, and comparison with the literature data. Lemnadiolboursides A–C (4–6) contained a lemnal-1(10)-ene-7,12-diol moiety compared with the lemnaboursides. All these compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity; cell growth inhibition of A549, Hela, HepG2, and CCRF-CEM cancer cell lines; and inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages. The results indicated that compounds 1, 2, and 4–6 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis (MIC 4–16 μg/mL); compounds 1–9 displayed low cytotoxicity on the CCRF-CEM cell lines (IC₅₀ 10.44–27.40 µM); and compounds 1, 2, and 5 showed weak inhibition against LPS-induced NO production (IC₅₀ 21.56–28.06 μM).     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and enrofloxacin resistance of streptococcal bacteria from farmed Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) in Thailand

This study examined the antimicrobial susceptibility and mutation(s) in quinolone resistance‐determining regions (QRDRs) in streptococcal pathogens isolated from farmed Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in Thailand. Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility in tilapia streptococcal pathogens reveals that Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 97) and Streptococcus iniae (n = 3) from diseased tilapia were susceptible to amoxicillin, florfenicol, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprim, however, only 78 isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin. Twenty‐two enrofloxacin‐resistant S. agalactiae isolates were further examined for mutations in the QRDRs of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes. Twenty isolates had single base pair changed in the gyrA sequence, C‐242‐T. Point mutations in gyrB, GC‐1135, 1136‐AA and T‐1466‐G, were identified in one isolate. All resistant isolates harboured a mutation in the parC gene, C‐236‐A, while no mutations were observed in the parE gene. The study represented mutations of gyrA and parC genes as marked modification of the enrofloxacin‐resistant S. agalactiae from farmed tilapia. This study is a primary report of the QRDRs mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance from streptococcal pathogen in the cultured fish. The phenotypic and genotypic characterization of enrofloxacin resistance S. agalactiae evident in this study has led to an improved regulation of antimicrobial use in Thai aquaculture.     

Regression tree analysis of the relationship between the concentrations of antimicrobial components and the microbiota of normal milk from dairy cows

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of antimicrobial components (immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin (LF), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), and S100A7) in normal milk and their relation to host factors (Age, somatic cell count (SCC), days in milk, richness, and alpha diversity of the milk microbiota) in dairy cows using multivariate regression tree analyses, and to clarify how the milk microbiota is related to the obtained results. Thirty normal milk samples were collected from a commercial dairy farm in June 2020. The thresholds that predicted the concentration of each antimicrobial component in milk were obtained by regression tree analysis, and the beta-diversity of the milk microbiota composition between groups divided according to each threshold was compared by an analysis of similarities test. The IgA and LF concentrations were mainly predicted by the SCC (177,500 and 70,000 cells/ml, respectively), and the LAP and S100A7 concentrations were predicted by Age (29.667 and 40.3 months, respectively). No relationship was observed between the concentration of IgA, LAP, or S100A7 and the milk microbiota composition between the groups divided by the threshold for prediction, but the milk microbiota composition was significantly different between the groups divided by the threshold for predicting the LF concentration. Our results indicated that the LF concentration in normal milk may be associated with the milk microbiota composition.     

毛壳菌生物防治机制研究进展

毛壳菌应用于生物防治,具有安全、高效、低毒的优点。介绍了毛壳菌的生物防治机理,包括产生具有抗菌性能的代谢产物、产生细胞壁降解酶、菌寄生、菌竞争和诱发植物防卫反应物5种类型,最后,展望了毛壳菌在生物防治领域的应用前景。     

天然防腐剂的防腐机理及抑菌效果研究现状

食品防腐保鲜是食品工业中的一个重要课题,为了延长食品的货架期,保持食品新鲜、不变质,需要在食品中添加防腐剂。阐述了几种植物提取物、动物提取物和微生物防腐剂及其防腐机理。     

共附生海洋微生物抗菌活性物质的研究

随着抗生素的广泛使用,微生物的抗药性逐渐增强.与此同时,环境污染的加剧,社会和人文的变迁,使人类的免疫力不断下降,新的致病菌和条件致病菌不断出现,这些已经成为严重的社会问题.解决问题的最有效办法就是加大力度,筛选开发新的抗生素.海洋拥有独特的生境条件,已成为新抗生素的重要来源.海洋微生物中共附生微生物具有独特的特点,已逐渐成为研究的焦点.     

辣椒碱的抗菌研究

对辣椒碱提取液的抑菌特性进行了研究，实验结果表明辣椒碱能够抑制食品中主要细菌及真菌分别是：大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、啤酒酵母、澳大利亚酵母，但对霉菌类无抑制作用。同时测试了辣椒碱对以上各菌的最低抑制浓度、作用pH值范围、作用时间的长短以及不同的温度对辣椒碱抑菌作用的影响。     

生物防腐剂聚赖氨酸研究进展

聚赖氨酸(ε-poly-L-lysine,ε-PL)产生于白色链霉菌(Streptomyces albulus)的发酵过程中,ε-聚氨基酸的形成是通过赖氨酸单体在α-羟基和ε-氨基之间形成酰胺键,由此连接而成。ε-聚赖氨酸是一种天然的生物代谢产品,近年来研究发现,其杀菌能力强、抑菌谱广、水溶性和热稳定性良好,在人体内无残留,没有致畸性,无致突变性,能进行生物降解,可作为一种安全、高效的食品防腐剂,而且其已被FDA批准为安全食品保鲜剂,是具有很大商业潜力的天然食品防腐剂。在酸性或弱酸性环境中,ε-聚赖氨酸对酵母菌、霉菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌都有一定的抑菌效果。最主要的是革兰氏阴性的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌这类不太容易被其他天然抑菌剂控制的菌种,ε-聚赖氨酸对它们有显著的抑菌效果。从ε-聚赖氨酸的结构、性质(生物学性质)、抑菌作用机理、应用及其产生菌的筛选和目的产物的提取进行综述。     

牛角瓜根的抑菌活性研究

以牛角瓜根为实验材料,采用索氏提取法,以4种不同溶剂(石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、甲醇)对牛角瓜的根进行提取,并采用纸片琼脂扩散法对粗提物的抑菌活性进行了评价,供试菌包括白色念珠菌等6种真菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等7种细菌。结果表明:石油醚粗提物对枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉菌、大肠埃希氏菌都表现出良好的抑菌活性,且抑菌效果接近或优于阳性对照氟康唑,对尖孢镰刀菌和鲍曼不动杆菌也表现出良好的抑菌活性;氯仿粗提物对白色念珠菌及粪链球菌表现出良好的抑菌活性;乙酸乙酯粗提物对粪链球菌表现出最好的抑菌活性;甲醇粗提物的抑菌活性较弱。     

Extension of shelf life of tuberose flowers using a combination of gamma irradiation and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) preservatives and assessment of antimicrobial potency of senesced flowers

Tuberose cut flowers, available as loose flowers, were treated with gamma (γ) irradiation and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) preservative solutions for extension of shelf life. The flowers were packaged in low-density polyethylene bags, heat sealed and stored at 23 ± 2°C, 80% relative humidity (RH) and 4 ± 1°C, 40% RH, respectively. The flowers stored at these two temperature regimes were subjected to sensory evaluation and biochemical analyses. From these assessments, the longest shelf life of tuberose flowers was found to be 8 days at 23 ± 2°C, 80% RH (compared to 4 days for control) and 24 days at 4 ± 1°C, 40% RH (compared to 8 days for control) using combination treatment of low dose γ-irradiation (0.02 kGy) and preservative solutions (4% sucrose and 0.02% CaCl₂). Ethanolic extract of tuberose flowers of the most shelf stable set (stored at 4 ± 1°C), i.e. at the end of 24 days, showed antimicrobial potency against the common skin pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923 and MDR strains), suggesting utility of the senesced tuberose flowers for therapeutic applications. This preservation technique would promote export of tuberose flowers by extension of their shelf lives and allow utilization of these flowers, post senescence.