Treatment of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats: review of published studies

The recent literature on the treatment of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats was reviewed. Based upon in vitro studies using isolated infected hairs and controlled or field in vivo studies, the following topical treatments were consistently found to be antifungal (i.e. antidermatophyte): lime sulfur (1:16), 0.2% enilconazole rinses, and a combined 2% miconazole/chlorhexidine shampoo. Animals or hairs were either bathed or rinsed once or twice weekly. Itraconazole, griseofulvin and terbinafine were evaluated in controlled or field studies, most commonly involving cats. Griseofulvin (50 mg kg(-1)) was reported to cure infected animals in 41-70 days. Itraconazole (10 mg kg(-1) once daily or in a combined daily/pulse therapy 10 mg kg(-1) once daily for 28 days and then week on/week off) was reported to cure infected animals in 56-70 days. Low-dose itraconazole (1.5-3.0 mg kg(-1)) in 15-day cycles required 1-3 cycles (15-45 days). Various doses of terbinafine (5-40 mg kg(-1)) were reportedly used to treat dogs or cats. The higher doses of terbinafine (> 20 mg kg(-1)) were required to achieve a mycological cure; the number of treatment days to cure varied from 21 to > 126 days. Lufenuron was reported anecdotally to be an effective cure, however, this was not substantiated in controlled studies. Finally, fungal vaccines were not found to be effective against challenge exposure, however, there is evidence that they may be useful in treatment protocols.     

Efficacy of pre-treatment with lufenuron for the prevention of Microsporum canis infection in a feline direct topical challenge model

Oral lufenuron is reportedly an effective treatment for some cats with dermatophytosis. The purpose of this study was to determine if lufenuron, when used as a pre-treatment prior to challenge exposure, would be protective against the development of infection after the direct topical application of fungal macrocondia (Microsporum canis spores). Three groups (n = 6/group) of juvenile cats were treated with either monthly oral lufenuron (30 or 133 mg/kg) or placebo. After 2 months of treatment, kittens were challenged using 10(5)Microsporum canis spores applied to the skin under occlusion. Cats were examined weekly and the following data collected: Wood's lamp examination; scoring for scale/crust, erythema and induration; lesion size; and the development of satellite lesions. Fungal cultures were performed bi-weekly. All cats became infected; the infections progressed, and then regressed, in a similar fashion in all groups. There were no consistent statistically significant differences in weekly infection scores between treated and untreated cats throughout the study. Treated cats did not recover faster than untreated cats. We conclude that oral lufenuron at the dosing schedule and conditions used in this study did not prevent dermatophytosis or alter the course of infection by direct topical challenge.     

黄蓝状菌几丁质酶基因tfchi1的克隆、表达及抗菌活性

 为研究黄蓝状菌（Talaromyces flavus）几丁质酶性质和作用,通过RT PCR、3′ RACE及5′ TAIL PCR技术克隆了一个黄蓝状菌几丁质酶基因tfchi1,该基因全长为2 561 bp,含有6个内含子,包含一个1 194 bp的ORF,编码397个氨基酸,分子量为43.47 kDa,属于糖苷水解酶第18家族。利用基因重组的方法构建酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K/tfchi1,并转化毕赤酵母,筛选得到一株高效表达几丁质酶的工程菌GS TFCHI1 9,甲醇诱导第7 d酶活性最高,达32.29 U·mL-1。SDS PAGE检测纯化重组蛋白的分子量约44 kDa。重组几丁质酶Tfchi1最适反应温度为35℃,最适反应pH值为5.5,在pH 6～8之间稳定。Zn2+、Cu2+对 Tfchi1活性有明显的抑制作用。抑菌活性测定结果显示,Tfchi1可明显抑制敏感植物病原真菌的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发。该酶在几丁质资源的开发利用和生物防治等领域具有较广的应用前景。     

枯草芽孢杆菌CAB-1抑菌蛋白对黄瓜白粉病的防治作用

采用子叶喷雾法分别测定了枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis CAB-1所产抑菌蛋白粗提物对黄瓜白粉病的保护和治疗生物活性。结果表明该抑菌蛋白粗提物能显著降低黄瓜白粉病的病情指数,其保护和治疗作用的效果分别为73.33%和76.85%;EC50分别为175μg.mL-1和125μg.mL-1。利用曲利苯兰染色法检测抑菌蛋白粗提物对黄瓜白粉菌Sphacrotheca fuliginea生长的影响,结果表明该抑菌蛋白粗提物能有效降低白粉菌分生孢子的萌发率及萌发的芽管个数,造成菌丝顶端畸形膨大呈球状并减少新生分生孢子的个数。接菌3 d后,对照的孢子萌发率为36.98%,而经抑菌蛋白粗提物处理后的孢子萌发率仅为4.8%;接菌7 d后对照每个分生孢子梗上串生孢子个数最多为7个,多数5～6个;而抑菌蛋白粗提物处理后每个分生孢子梗上串生孢子个数最多为2个,大部分为1个。     

喹诺酮类抗菌药物在水产养殖中的应用进展

喹诺酮类抗菌药物抗菌谱广、抗菌力强、安全性高、价格低廉,已被广泛应用于水产养殖动物细菌性感染症的防治中。为使养殖鱼类及水生动物细菌性疾病能够有效、迅速地得到治疗,并且在治疗后避免药物残留等问题出现,笔者对喹诺酮类抗菌药物在水产养殖中的应用进展及其药物代谢研究概况进行了综述,并展望了其发展前景。     

海洋药物新技术研究进展

近年来生物研究技术的发展,为开发海洋药物提供了新的方法、思路和方向。介绍了海洋药物研究的新技术,包括生物筛选技术、多肽固相合成法、超临界流体色谱法生产技术,指出了海洋药物研究存在的问题,并对相关研究进行了展望。     

丝瓜汁抗菌效果的研究

以生活中常见的黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)为试验菌,提取丝瓜(Luffa cylindrica)汁作为抑菌物质,考察不同浓度的丝瓜汁对黑曲霉的抑菌效果.结果表明,当丝瓜汁浓度为0.01 g/mL、温度为25～35℃时为部分抑菌,温度为45℃时为完全抑菌;浓度低于0.001 g/mL、温度为25～45℃时完全不抑菌.     

31 种植物甲醇提取物对荔枝霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌的抑菌活性测定

以荔枝霜疫霉菌(Peronophythora litchii)和荔枝炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)两种荔枝上最为重要的病原真菌为供试菌,采用含毒介质的生长速率培养法,对采自广东省的31种植物的甲醇提取物对病原菌菌丝线性生长的抑菌活性进行离体测定。结果表明:在0.01 g/mL浓度下,对荔枝霜疫霉菌抑菌率大于60%的植物有9种,其中黄石斛(Dendrobium tosaense)、毛唇芋兰(Nervilia fordii)、葛(Pueraria phaseoloides)和土牛七(Thunbergia grandiflora)4种植物甲醇提取物的抑菌率达到100%;对荔枝炭疽病菌抑菌率大于60%的植物有2种,其中一点红(Emilia sonchifolia)的抑菌率达到100%,地丁草(Corydalis bungeana)的抑菌率为71.35%;同时对两种病原菌的抑菌率都大于50%的是地丁草(C.bungeana)。     

大丽轮枝菌菌体对链霉菌胞外蛋白酶活性及抑菌效果的影响

 为研究拮抗链霉菌对棉花黄萎病原大丽轮枝菌（Verticillium dahliae Kleb.）的抑菌机理,以大丽轮枝菌菌体为唯一碳氮能源,采用液体培养法及生长速率法研究供试病原菌菌体对4株拮抗链霉菌胞外蛋白酶合成的诱导作用及抑菌活性物质产生的影响。结果表明：大丽轮枝菌菌体可以诱导供试链霉菌合成蛋白酶;诱导粗酶液对病原真菌菌丝有溶解作用;当菌体添加量为10 g·L^-1,28℃培养7 d时菌株Z13蛋白酶活性高达4.24 U;以大丽轮枝菌菌体为碳氮能源时供试链霉菌能产生活性较强的抑菌物质;当菌体添加量为20 g·L^-1,发酵液稀释5倍时菌株B49所产抑菌活性物质的最大抑菌率达95.7%。     

2010年版《中华人民共和国兽药典》一部凡例及其品种标准增修订概况

解读2010年版《中华人民共和国兽药典》一部收载兽药标准的增修订内容和特点,详细描述了兽药典一部收载凡例和兽用化学药品、抗生素等兽药标准的增修订情况。对于读者理解、领会和执行2010年版《中华人民共和国兽药典》一部标准,将起到较好的帮助作用。