小清河流域抗生素污染分布特征与生态风险评估

利用固相萃取、高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)检测小清河流域地表水中4类抗生素的残留水平,分析其分布特征,结合土地利用类型探讨其可能的污染源,并通过计算风险商(RQs)来进行生态风险评估。结果表明:小清河流域地表水有13种抗生素检出,其中大环内酯类抗生素和甲氧苄啶的检出率为100%;20个采样点的大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类和磺胺增效类的质量浓度范围分别是2.18~84.9、nd~1600、nd~845、1.88~3900 ng·L-1。高浓度的大环内酯类和喹诺酮类抗生素主要集中在人口密集区下游,在水产养殖密集的下游区域检测到较高浓度的磺胺类和磺胺增效药甲氧苄啶,表明生活污水和水产养殖废水仍是小清河流域抗生素污染的主要来源。生态风险评估结果显示,13种抗生素中处于高风险等级、中等风险等级、无风险等级的比例分别是38.5%、23.1%、38.5%,表明小清河流域部分水体抗生素污染具有较高的生态风险。     

胡椒瘟病生防菌 Bacillus subtilis VD18R19 全基因组测序及 比较基因组学分析

Bacillus subtilis VD18R19 具有促进胡椒生长和防治胡椒瘟病的效果,全基因组测序是其分子机理研究和开发 利用的重要基础。本研究采用第二代 Illumina 平台与第三代 PacBio 平台相结合的测序技术,对生防菌 VD18R19 进行 全基因组测序,并进行比较基因组学分析。结果发现,VD18R19 全基因组大小为 4 123 380 bp,GC 含量为 43.80%, 编码基因 4 245 个;含有 tRNA 85 个、rRNA 30 个、sRNA 33 个;含有串联重复序列 60 个,其中小卫星 DNA 43 个、 微卫星 DNA 1 个;共线性分析、core-pan 基因分析及基因家族分析结果均显示 VD18R19 与模式菌株 B. subtilis 168 具 有高度的同源性;antiSMASH 软件预测及同源序列比对结果显示,VD18R19 菌株中含有 6 个抑菌次生代谢产物合成基 因簇,编码 surfactin、plipastatin、bacillibactin、bacilysin、bacillaene、subtilosin A 等抑菌物质,其合成途径涵盖了核 糖体途径、非核糖体途径和聚酮合酶途径。本研究为深入研究生防菌 VD18R19 的分子机理奠定生物信息学基础,有利 于生防菌株及其抑菌次生代谢产物的开发和利用。     

海洋弗氏链霉菌HNM0089抗真菌活性成分研究

为了从海洋微生物中寻找农药先导化合物,本研究通过16S rRNA基因序列分析对具有抗真菌活性的海洋放线菌HNM0089的种属进行鉴定,并对其抗真菌的活性成分进行研究。结果表明:海洋放线菌HNM0089被鉴定为弗氏链霉菌(Streptomyces fradiae)。利用高分辨质谱、一维和二维核磁波谱技术,将其主要活性成分鉴定为星形孢菌素(Staurosporine)。该化合物对芒果炭疽病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌、香蕉枯萎病菌、薯蓣炭疽病菌和橡胶炭疽病菌均有抑制活性,具有开发成农用抗菌素的潜力。     

Algal Phlorotannins as Novel Antibacterial Agents with Reference to the Antioxidant Modulation: Current Advances and Future Directions

The increasing drug resistance of infectious microorganisms is considered a primary concern of global health care. The screening and identification of natural compounds with antibacterial properties have gained immense popularity in recent times. It has previously been shown that several bioactive compounds derived from marine algae exhibit antibacterial activity. Similarly, polyphenolic compounds are generally known to possess promising antibacterial capacity, among other capacities. Phlorotannins (PTs), an important group of algae-derived polyphenolic compounds, have been considered potent antibacterial agents both as single drug entities and in combination with commercially available antibacterial drugs. In this context, this article reviews the antibacterial properties of polyphenols in brown algae, with particular reference to PTs. Cell death through various molecular modes of action and the specific inhibition of biofilm formation by PTs were the key discussion of this review. The synergy between drugs was also discussed in light of the potential use of PTs as adjuvants in the pharmacological antibacterial treatment.     

Hormaomycins B and C: New Antibiotic Cyclic Depsipeptides from a Marine Mudflat-Derived Streptomyces sp.

Alterations in microbial culture conditions may trigger the production of diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. While applying various culture conditions and monitoring secondary metabolite profiles using LC/MS, hormaomycins B and C (1 and 2) were discovered from a marine mudflat-derived actinomycete, Streptomyces sp., collected in Mohang, Korea. The planar structures of the hormaomycins, which bear structurally-unique units, such as 4-(Z)-propenylproline, 3-(2-nitrocyclopropyl)alanine, 5-chloro-1-hydroxypyrrol-2-carboxylic acid and β-methylphenylalanine, were established as the first natural analogues belonging to the hormaomycin peptide class. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were deduced by comparing their CD spectra with that of hormaomycin. These hormaomycins exhibited significant inhibitory effects against various pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.     

Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity of Algae Extracts on Bacteria Responsible of External Otitis

External otitis is a diffuse inflammation around the external auditory canal and auricle, which is often occurred by microbial infection. This disease is generally treated using antibiotics, but the frequent occurrence of antibiotic resistance requires the development of new antibiotic agents. In this context, unexplored bioactive natural candidates could be a chance for the production of targeted drugs provided with antimicrobial activity. In this paper, microbial pathogens were isolated from patients with external otitis using ear swabs for over one year, and the antimicrobial activity of the two methanol extracts from selected marine (Dunaliella salina) and freshwater (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) microalgae was tested on the isolated pathogens. Totally, 114 bacterial and 11 fungal strains were isolated, of which Staphylococcus spp. (28.8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (24.8%) were the major pathogens. Only three Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains and 11 coagulase-negative Staphylococci showed resistance to methicillin. The two algal extracts showed interesting antimicrobial properties, which mostly inhibited the growth of isolated S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella spp. with MICs range of 1.4 × 10⁹ to 2.2 × 10¹⁰ cells/mL. These results suggest that the two algae have potential as resources for the development of antimicrobial agents.     

Marine-Derived Quorum-Sensing Inhibitory Activities Enhance the Antibacterial Efficacy of Tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bacterial epiphytes isolated from marine eukaryotes were screened for the production of quorum sensing inhibitory compounds (QSIs). Marine isolate KS8, identified as a Pseudoalteromonas sp., was found to display strong quorum sensing inhibitory (QSI) activity against acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-based reporter strains Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 and CV026. KS8 supernatant significantly reduced biofilm biomass during biofilm formation (−63%) and in pre-established, mature P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms (−33%). KS8 supernatant also caused a 0.97-log reduction (−89%) and a 2-log reduction (−99%) in PAO1 biofilm viable counts in the biofilm formation assay and the biofilm eradication assay respectively. The crude organic extract of KS8 had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/mL against PAO1 but no minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was observed over the concentration range tested (MBC > 16 mg/mL). Sub-MIC concentrations (1 mg/mL) of KS8 crude organic extract significantly reduced the quorum sensing (QS)-dependent production of both pyoverdin and pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa PAO1 without affecting growth. A combinatorial approach using tobramycin and the crude organic extract at 1 mg/mL against planktonic P. aeruginosa PAO1 was found to increase the efficacy of tobramycin ten-fold, decreasing the MIC from 0.75 to 0.075 µg/mL. These data support the validity of approaches combining conventional antibiotic therapy with non-antibiotic compounds to improve the efficacy of current treatments.     

Biosynthetic Modularity Rules in the Bisintercalator Family of Antitumor Compounds

Diverse actinomycetes produce a family of structurally and biosynthetically related non-ribosomal peptide compounds which belong to the chromodepsipeptide family. These compounds act as bisintercalators into the DNA helix. They give rise to antitumor, antiparasitic, antibacterial and antiviral bioactivities. These compounds show a high degree of conserved modularity (chromophores, number and type of amino acids). This modularity and their high sequence similarities at the genetic level imply a common biosynthetic origin for these pathways. Here, we describe insights about rules governing this modular biosynthesis, taking advantage of the fact that nowadays five of these gene clusters have been made public (thiocoraline, triostin, SW-163 and echinomycin/quinomycin). This modularity has potential application for designing and producing novel genetic engineered derivatives, as well as for developing new chemical synthesis strategies. These would facilitate their clinical development.     

A New Micromonospora Strain with Antibiotic Activity Isolated from the Microbiome of a Mid-Atlantic Deep-Sea Sponge

To tackle the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, it is essential to identify new bioactive compounds that are effective against resistant microbes and safe to use. Natural products and their derivatives are, and will continue to be, an important source of these molecules. Sea sponges harbour a diverse microbiome that co-exists with the sponge, and these bacterial communities produce a rich array of bioactive metabolites for protection and resource competition. For these reasons, the sponge microbiota constitutes a potential source of clinically relevant natural products. To date, efforts in bioprospecting for these compounds have focused predominantly on sponge specimens isolated from shallow water, with much still to be learned about samples from the deep sea. Here we report the isolation of a new Micromonospora strain, designated 28ISP2-46^T, recovered from the microbiome of a mid-Atlantic deep-sea sponge. Whole-genome sequencing reveals the capacity of this bacterium to produce a diverse array of natural products, including kosinostatin and isoquinocycline B, which exhibit both antibiotic and antitumour properties. Both compounds were isolated from 28ISP2-46^T fermentation broths and were found to be effective against a plethora of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. This study suggests that the marine production of isoquinocyclines may be more widespread than previously supposed and demonstrates the value of targeting the deep-sea sponge microbiome as a source of novel microbial life with exploitable biosynthetic potential.     

葡萄糖酸、谷氨酰胺及其组合物替代饲用抗生素对仔猪生产性能的影响

[目的]集约化养猪场生产条件下分别用葡萄糖酸(Gluconic acid,GA)、谷氨酰胺(Glutamine,GN)、葡萄糖酸+谷氨酰胺替代饲用抗生素后对仔猪生产性能的影响.[方法]选取24窝1日龄仔猪,随机分为四个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,试验期为42 d.分组情况:对照组为基础日粮中添加抗生素(60 mg/kg抗敌素、75 mg/kg金霉素);GA组为1 kg基础日粮中加GA1.5 g;GN组为1kg基础日粮中加GN2 g;GA+ GN组为/kg基础日粮中加GA 1.5 g+GN2 g.仔猪28日龄断奶.以窝为重复单位.在第1、21、28和42 d早晨逐头空腹称重.记录仔猪每天的投料量、剩料量,同时记录每窝的仔猪数、腹泻数以及死淘数.计算各阶段及全期仔猪平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比、腹泻率、死淘率.[结果]21～42 d,GA组、GN组、GA+ GN组仔猪平均日增重与对照组相比,分别降低了8.00; (P ＞0.05)、16.00; (P ＜0.05)、8.00;(P＞0.05);全期各组仔猪腹泻头次分别为37、31、27、18,有逐渐降低的趋势;平均日采食量、平均体重、饲料转化率、死淘率方面,试验组仔猪与对照组均差异不显著(P＞0.05).各试验组仔猪之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).[结论]饲用抗生素组仔猪21～42 d的平均日增重要好于各替代组,但各替代组仔猪的平均日采食量、活体重及料重比等指标上与饲用抗生素添加组相比均无显著差异;与饲用抗生素组仔猪相比,各替代组的仔猪腹泻发生频次有降低的趋势.试验为在集约化养猪场生产实际中用葡萄糖酸、谷氨酰胺或葡萄糖酸+谷氨酰胺替代仔猪日粮中饲用抗生素的应用提供了参考依据.