Selective and on-demand drenching of lambs: Impact on parasite populations and performance of lambs

AIM: To determine whether drenching regimes for lambs by which a proportion (10%) of the heaviest animals was selectively left untreated, or animals are only drenched ‘on demand’ when faecal nematode egg counts (FEC) exceeded a threshold level, would result in measurable increases in parasite larval challenge in the autumn and/or decreases in the performance of lambs.

METHODS: A replicated study compared three drenching strategies in which mobs of lambs (n=360 in total) received either: a five-drench preventive programme, administered to all animals (Treatment 1); a five-drench preventive programme, but the 10% heaviest animals left untreated each time (Treatment 2); or drench treatments administered only when FEC exceeded 500 eggs per gram of faeces (epg) (Treatment 3). After the five-drench programme, animals in Treatments 1 and 2 were treated according to FEC as for Treatment 3. A triple-combination drench containing ivermectin, oxfendazole and levamisole, administered orally, was used for all treatments. There were nine farmlets, allowing three replicates of each treatment, in a completely randomised design. Parasite infestations on pasture were measured in autumn by pasture plucks, and worm burdens were monitored in tracer lambs, while the performance of lambs was assessed by liveweight gains, fleece weights, and body condition and dag scores.

RESULTS: Increased numbers of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae on pasture were found in the autumn on farmlets treating selectively or on-demand (Treatments 2 and 3). No differences were detected in other parasite species. Mean liveweight gains did not differ between treatments but some differences were detected between drenched and undrenched lambs in Treatment 2. Mean body condition and mean dag scores of lambs in Treatment 3 tended to be lower and higher, respectively, than those of lambs in Treatment 1; Treatment 2 was generally intermediate.

CONCLUSIONS: Drenching strategies for lambs designed to slow the development of anthelmintic resistance, by increasing the pool of susceptible worms available to dilute resistant survivors after treatment, resulted in increased numbers of H. contortus and T. colubriformis but not other species of parasite on pasture. The increased parasite challenge to lambs in the autumn was associated with small production losses, which may be acceptable to farmers wishing to implement such strategies. It is clear that further work is required on the interaction between management practices and the population dynamics of parasites, especially with regard to creating pools of susceptible genotypes to slow the development of drench resistance.     

Management of five stored-product insects in wheat with pirimiphos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl plus synergized pyrethrins

Hard red winter wheat was treated with pirimiphos-methyl at 4, 6 and 8 mg kg(-1), synergized pyrethrins at 0.38, 0.75, 1.13 and 1.5 mg kg(-1), and combinations of the two insecticides, to conduct laboratory bioassays against four beetle pests of stored grain, red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F), and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L), and one moth pest, Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hubner). Beetle adults and P interpunctella larvae survived well on control wheat, producing a large number of progeny (65-1037 insects per container). Kernel damage in control wheat among the insect species ranged from 9 to 99%. On pirimiphos-methyl-treated wheat, mortality of R dominica adults was > or =72%, but that of the other beetle species and P interpunctella larvae was 100%. Progeny were not produced on pirimiphos-methyl-treated wheat, and the kernel damage was negligible (< or =1%). Synergized pyrethrins were ineffective against the five insect pests. Pirimiphos-methyl combined with synergized pyrethrins was not superior to pirimiphos-methyl alone against the five insect pests. Pirimiphos-methyl is not registered in the USA for use on wheat, but our results suggest that it could be a viable grain protectant at rates of 4-8 mg kg(-1).     

氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂及其与阿维菌素的混配制剂对美洲斑潜蝇(Diptera:Agromyzidae)的防治效果

测定了扑蚜威、速灭威、灭蚜威、间乙威等9个氨基甲酸酯类化合物及其 与阿维菌素混剂对美洲斑潜蝇的田间药效，结果发现，当施用有效量0.75 kg/hm2时，氨 基甲酸酯类单剂对美洲斑潜蝇的防效在75%～92%之间，而扑蚜威、速灭威、灭蚜威与阿维菌 素混剂对该蝇的防效可达85%～92%。表明，氨基甲酸酯类化合物与阿维菌素混配对美洲斑潜 蝇田间防效、速效性均较好，且成本显著降低。     

三种猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗免疫效果评价

为研究不同猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)疫苗的的免疫特性,分别采用PRRSV变异株(JXA1-R)弱毒疫苗、经典PRRSV(VR 2332)弱毒疫苗、变异株(JXA1)灭活疫苗,免疫接种PRRSV抗原和抗体阴性的健康断奶仔猪,免疫接种后70d用PRRSV变异株强毒攻毒,ELISA检测血清中PRRSV特异的抗体水平及IFN-γ、IL 2、IL 4、IL 8、IL 10的水平,并进行临床症状和肺部病理组织学观察和评分。结果表明,VR 2332、JXA1-R弱毒疫苗对免疫猪攻毒保护效果差异不显著,均为63.6%(7/11),JXA1灭活疫苗免疫攻毒保护效果较差,为36.4%(4/11)。试验还发现病毒感染猪血清中细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-10的比值可以作为评价疫苗免疫效果的一个指标。     

黄瓜根际细菌J352对大豆根腐病菌的作用

J352是从黄瓜根际筛选到的一株对病原真菌具有拮抗作用的细菌。室内培养结果表明,该菌对大豆根腐镰刀病菌有较强的抑制效果。J352发酵液对2种病原真菌孢子萌发有较高的抑制率;细菌与病原菌共培养后发现真菌菌丝和孢子发生畸变,菌丝和孢子内部均发生原生质体凝聚并出现空洞。与其它供试病原真菌的对峙培养发现,对烟草赤星病菌抑制作用最明显,抑菌率达85.5%。     

不同杀菌剂防治烟草赤星病的田间药效评价

试验比较25%嘧菌酯SC、687.5 g/L氟菌霜霉威SC、40%菌核净WP和10%多抗霉素WP 4种杀菌剂对烟草赤星病的田间防治效果。结果表明:25%嘧菌酯SC 600倍液和40%菌核净WP 800倍液防治效果较好,其防效依次为77.33%和70.85%;687.5 g/L氟菌霜霉威SC 600倍液次之,防效为56.96%;10%多抗霉素WP 700倍防效为51.12%。     

Evidence of synergy with ‘stacked’ intrarow cultivation tools

Intrarow cultivation efficacy is often low and highly variable. As the mechanisms affecting weed mortality likely vary by tool, several companies have developed cultivators with the ability to use several different intrarow tools at once. We evaluated the potential for such ‘stacking’ of cultivation tools to increase efficacy. We used different sequences of torsion weeders, finger weeders and row harrows in a test crop of maize with surrogate weeds, Sinapis alba and Panicum miliaceum. Most tool combinations resulted in an additive increase in efficacy compared with the individual tools, but the combination of torsion–finger–row harrow demonstrated a synergistic increase in efficacy. In separate experiments, forward speed, soil moisture and weed size were negatively correlated with efficacy, but the torsion–finger–row harrow combination continued to demonstrate a synergistic increase in efficacy compared with the individual tools in 7 of 11 cases. The drawback was high crop mortality (16.0 ± 1.16%); further mechanistic research is needed to reduce crop mortality while maintaining high mean efficacy, through tool design, adjustment and cultural factors.     

短稳杆菌100亿孢子／毫升悬浮剂防治甘蓝小菜蛾毒力测定和田间试验

短稳杆菌（Empedobacterbrevis）是从罹病死亡的四龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫尸体中分离、筛选、纯化而来的生物农药创制新品种。经初步试验,该农药对鳞翅目害虫有较好的防效。为摸清进一步提高该农药防治甘蓝小菜蛾药效的有效途径,探索光照、温度、湿度、稀释浓度、防治对象不同虫龄与防治效果之间的关系,设置室内和田间药效试验,探析田间应用技术,为合理、科学、大面积推广使用该农药提供科学依据。     

13种杀虫剂防治茶尺蠖室内药效试验

本文报道了13种杀虫剂在室内水培茶树枝条上模拟田间喷雾对茶尺蠖的药效试验。结果表明：乙基多杀菌素60克／升悬浮剂3000倍液、甲胺基阿维茵素苯甲酸盐3％微乳剂15000倍液、甲氧虫酰肼240克／升悬浮剂5000倍液、氰氟虫腙240克／升悬浮剂1500倍液．药后7d的防效均在91％以上,虫酰肼20％悬浮剂1000倍液的防效为86．48％．虽然氟虫双酰胺20％水分散粒剂6000倍液的防效稍低于上述5个处理的防效,但虫粪干重为第二少．其保叶效果仅次于乙基多杀菌素60克／升悬浮剂。因此,乙基多杀菌素60克／升悬浮剂、甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐3％微乳剂、甲氧虫酰肼240克／升悬浮剂、氰氟虫腙240克／升悬浮剂、虫酰肼20％悬浮剂、氟虫双酰胺20％水分散粒剂是比较理想的防治茶尺蠖的首选药剂．建议在茶园轮换使用。而对照药剂联苯菊酯10％乳油3000倍液对茶尺蠖的防效仅为23％．已不适合用于防治茶尺蠖。     

12％三唑磷微乳剂的制备与应用

采用转相法制各12％-唑磷微乳剂,通过对配方组分筛选和优化实验,确定了最佳配方组成：三唑磷12％,溶剂二甲苯＋丁醇＋二甲基甲酰胺10％15％,乳化剂601#或1602#＋P04＋EP701G＋LQ．50020％25％,水余量。药效试验结果表明,12％三唑磷微乳剂室内活性略优于20％三唑磷乳油,大田防效与20％三唑磷乳油无显著差异。