Effects of in vitro exposure to mercury on male gonads and sperm structure of the tropical fish tuvira Gymnotus carapo (L.)

This study investigated the progressive effects of HgCl₂ in the testis and sperm of the tropical fish tuvira Gymnotus carapo L. exposed to increasing Hg concentrations (5–30 μm ) and increasing exposure times (24–96 h). Histopathology and metal concentrations in the testis were observed. Hg concentrations in the testis reached 5.1 and 5.2 μg g^?1 in fish exposed to 20 and 30 μm of Hg, respectively. Hg effects on testicular tissue were observed even at low Hg concentrations, with no alterations in gonadosomatic index. However, the quantitative analysis of the induced alterations (lesion index) demonstrated that the Hg effects in testis became more severe after exposure to higher concentrations (20 and 30 μm ) and during longer exposure (72 and 96 h), probably leading to partial or total loss of the organ function. Hg exposure (20 μm ) also affected sperm count and altered sperm morphology. This study showed that HgCl₂ caused progressive damage to testicular tissue, reduced sperm count and altered sperm morphology. These results are important in establishing a direct correlation between Hg accumulation and severity of lesions.     

设施蔬菜生产系统重金属积累特征及生态效应

研究土壤重金属的空间变异特征,可以揭示人为活动对土壤中重金属积累特征的影响,进而为土壤利用、污染风险评价提供重要的基础资料.选取南京市郊区一处典型的设施蔬菜生产系统为研究对象,测定了土壤、灌溉用水、肥料、蔬菜等介质中重金属砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)含量,研究了土壤中重金属的空间变异及积累特征,分析了积累产生的原因,讨论了系统中作物的重金属积累效应.结果表明:(1)与露天蔬菜地相比,设施蔬菜地土壤重金属Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn均产生明显的累积,且土壤中Cu、Hg、Pb平均含量超过温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准.(2)农用投入品的大量输入对土壤性质的空间变异产生了明显影响,而土壤Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn也呈现与之一致的空间变异特征,且这些元素与土壤性质存在显著相关性.(3)土壤性质的变化和重金属的积累对叶菜类作物重金属吸收影响较大,且前者更为重要.     

长白种猪优化选配减少近交畸形的研究

以华南某1 500头规模种猪场2009年到2010年1 502窝长白猪分娩信息进行优化、选配减少近交畸形的研究,结果显示血缘选配优化时将近交系数控制在1%比3%效果明显,平均产活仔数从10.39头/窝提高到10.46头/窝(P＞0.05),畸形率从10.30%下降到4.79%(P＜0.01);对其中402窝出现畸形仔猪...     

宁夏干旱风沙草原区紫花苜蓿地下滴灌水肥耦合试验研究

针对宁夏干旱风沙草原区紫花苜蓿地下滴灌灌溉制度、水肥协同效应不明确的问题。通过田间试验,对不同水肥组合下地下滴灌紫花苜蓿株高、土壤水分、产量及水分生产效率等指标进行综合分析,结果表明,处理D11条件下地下滴灌紫花苜蓿生长状况较好。研究提出了宁夏干旱风沙草原区苜蓿地下滴灌水肥耦合灌溉制度为:灌溉定额为3150m3/hm^2,灌水次数为12次,施肥量N为90kg/hm^2、P2O5为126kg/hm^2、K2O为108kg/hm^2。     

Relative effects of management and environmental conditions on performance and survival of populations of a terrestrial orchid, Dactylorhiza majalis

For population viability analysis of endangered orchid populations, it is crucial to disentangle the effects of weather and management from intrinsic orchid dynamics. When doing this, typically several months’ average temperatures and/or sums of precipitations are compared with some characteristics of plant performance. Here we tested, whether short averaging intervals (1-2 weeks) are more closely correlated with orchid performance. We used 5 years of data from five Dactylorhiza majalis populations, and have shown that the improvement of prediction by shortening the interval over which the temperatures are averaged or precipitation summed, even if detectable, is only weak and not significant. This, however, may be due to low weather variability during the study. Regarding the second aspect, the effect of management (presence or absence of mowing), we have found that leaf area of D. majalis at the regularly mown site was larger than that at the sites which were mown only once in 2 years, but we did not detect a significant effect of the absence of mowing on the incidence of flowering. Mowing can affect orchid performance in two ways: by reduced shading of orchids and by reducing competition with other species. Therefore, we have determined the co-occurring species associated with presence or absence of mowing and found that shading significantly affected the length of the flower stalk, the ratio of leaf width to leaf length at the end of the season, but did not affect seed weight and probability of flowering the next year. We conclude that the most appropriate management for D. majalis is mowing at least once a year, ideally at the end of June/beginning of July, after its fruiting.     

多杀菌素对菜蛾绒茧蜂的致死和亚致死效应

以对多杀菌素高抗的小菜蛾纯合子品系作寄主饲养菜蛾绒茧蜂,用多杀菌素田间推荐使用浓度(25 mg/L)分别处理处于卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的绒茧蜂,其中卵期和幼虫期通过处理寄主幼虫间接处理,并测定该药剂对成虫的毒力,系统观察该杀虫剂对绒茧蜂各虫期的致死和亚致死作用。与对照相比,绒茧蜂卵期或幼虫期其寄主受药后,可导致蜂幼虫死于寄主体内或啮出寄主的过程中,使结茧化蛹率下降43% ~56%,成虫羽化率下降19% ~33%,成蜂雌性比下降11% ~25%,而成虫大小、寿命和寄生力未受显著影响;在蛹期受药使成虫羽化率下降10%,成蜂寿命缩短,但对成虫寄生力无显著影响;对成虫24 h的LC99为4.31 mg/L。结果表明,多杀菌素可进入寄主作用于其体内的蜂卵和幼虫,或直接作用于蜂蛹和成虫,从而对绒茧蜂各个虫态产生显著的致死和亚致死效应,尤以对成虫高毒。     

内生细菌B_(47)菌株的鉴定及其对番茄青枯病的防效测定

通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列分析,对分离于番茄茎部能较强抑制番茄青枯病菌生长的内生细菌B47菌株进行了鉴定。结果表明,该菌为枯草芽孢杆菌,其最适生长pH5~6,最适生长温度为35℃。室内防治试验结果表明,用淋根法先接种B47菌后接种病原菌和用注射法先接种B47菌后接种病原菌的处理可取得81.25%和92.10%的防效,而用淋根法、注射法同时接种B47菌与病原菌的处理防效较低。     

250g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治菊花白粉病田间药效试验

田间试验结果表明,在菊花白粉病发病初期开始施药,有效成分用量为175-250mg／kg的250g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂对菊花白粉病平均防效可达75％～79％,且对菊花和非靶标生物安全。     

基于变点分析的南极半岛南极磷虾资源分布空间格局尺度效应

南极磷虾是南极生态系统的关键物种,其资源分布具有显著的时空异质性.为了分析不同空间尺度对南极磷虾资源空间格局的影响,实验利用1996—2011年南极半岛海域的南极磷虾生物量数据,通过全局Moran's I、Geary's C与Ripley's K函数对该资源的空间格局进行分析,并对不同空间尺度下各空间指标进行变点检测....     

黄土旱塬农业生态系统土壤深层水分消耗与水分生态环境效应

研究了渭北旱塬不同土地利用方式下大田土壤深层剖面含水率的变化特征，并与长期田间定位试验结果进行比较。结果发现，不同土地利用方式能显著影响土壤深层含水率状况，各种方式对土壤深层水消耗能力的排序是15龄苹果园＞15龄人工苜蓿＞10龄苹果园＞刺槐幼林＞高产农田＞20年撂荒地＞5龄苹果园＞裸地。10龄苹果园剖面剩余含水率分布接近高产农田，而15龄苹果园土壤剩余含水率低于高产农田，说明10龄到15龄苹果树耗水量显著增大，超过高产农田作物消耗的水分，导致土壤深层水分进一步消耗。由于塬面大部分耕地是高产农田与苹果园，土壤深层含水率普遍处于较低水平。苹果树的大面积种植加快了土壤深层水分消耗，最终可能影响这一区域的陆地水循环。