黑龙江垦区耕地占补平衡存在的问题及对策研究

为了健全非农建设项目占用耕地的补偿机制,保障国家粮食战略后备基地储粮充足。本研究运用空间分析、实证研究等方法,对黑龙江垦区各管理局2000-2014年耕地增减变动情况进行分析。发现其在耕地占补平衡政策实施过程中存在制度缺失、“占优补劣”、农民不合理利用土地以及自然条件的局限等问题。通过借鉴建三江管理局耕地占补平衡的创新经验,完善垦区专门性制度规范,不单纯以数量作为耕地占补平衡衡量标准、借助现代技术手段实现对表土的充分利用,形成体系化改革。助力垦区乃至全国其他地区全面实现耕地占补平衡,从而实现耕地的可持续发展,保障国家粮食安全。     

The effect of introgressions of wheat D-genome chromosomes into 'Presto' triticale

Hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) (2n= 6x= 42, AABBRR) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2n= 6x= 42, AABBDD) differ in their R and D-genomes. This produces differences in both agronomic and end-use quality characteristics. Our objective was to determine how introgressions of individual chromosomes from the D-genome of wheat affect these characteristics of a winter triticale 'Presto'. We studied the effects of 18 D-genome chromosome substitution lines, 15 sib-lines as controls, and five check cultivars at Lincoln, NE in 1996, using a randomized complete block design with two replications. The experiment was repeated at Lincoln and Mead, NE in 1997 and 1998 with 15 substitution lines that survived the first winter in Lincoln, along with their 12 control sibs and five check cultivars. Few D-genome chromosomes had positive effects. Chromosomes 2D, 4D, and 6D significantly reduced plant height when substituted for 2R, 4B, and 6R, respectively. No grain yield increases were associated with any of the D-genome chromosomes tested, but three substitutions decreased the grain yield. Depending on the allele of the hardness gene present, chromosome 5D increased or decreased kernel hardness when substituted for 5R or 5A, respectively. Introgressions of chromosomes 1D and 6D improved end-use quality characteristics of Presto. These results suggest that apart from beneficial effects of individual loci located on the D-genome chromosomes, no major benefit can be expected from D-genome chromosome substitutions.     

Inheritance and potentials of a mutated dwarfing gene ndf1 in Brassica napus

A dwarf mutant ‘NDF‐1′, approximately 70 cm high, was derived from a 200‐cm high doubled haploid (DH) line ‘3529’ (Brassica napus), seeds of which were jointly treated with chemical inducers and bombardment of fast neutron. The leaves of the ‘NDF‐1’ mutant were wrinkled and thicker compared with the wild‐type control. The mutant had much lower values than its original parents for all agronomic traits, except for its seed weight. A genetic analysis revealed that dwarfism is under the control of a major gene (designated as ndf1) with a mainly additive effect and non‐significant dominance effect. Because of the high level of resistance to lodging, breeding programmes for double low dwarf oilseed rape and heterosis utilization were initiated. Some new dwarf strains with improved agronomic performance were developed. The hybrid of the cross between the tall parent and the dwarf line showed increased harvest index and significantly higher seed yield than the tall parent or the control variety ‘Zhongyou 821’ and presented an estimated heterosis vigour rate as high as 12.5–25.8%. The dwarf trait will be a promising marker for a simple, economic and efficient way to control the purity of F₁ hybrid varieties in hybrid production of B. napus.     

Relationship of Conservation of Historic Buildings and Urban Construction

The conservation of historic buildings and their environment is an unavoidable problem in urban construction. In this paper, the authors give a few new thoughts about the problem. First, the historic buildings are important part of the core power in city competition.Second,the conservation work should be combined with their development. Third, a classified and multilevel system of protection and reuse of old buildings should be set up.     

低温胁迫下三七一年生紫、绿地上茎植株抗氧化能力的研究

旨在探究三七地上茎积累花色苷对其抗寒性的效应。研究了冰水模拟低温胁迫下三七一年生紫、绿地上茎植株叶片可溶性蛋白质和丙二醛(MDA)含量及抗氧化酶比活力。结果表明,在冰水模拟低温胁迫下,紫、绿地上茎植株叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)比活力及绿地上茎植株叶片的MDA含量均上升,紫、绿茎植株叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)比活力及紫茎植株叶片的MDA含量均下降,且紫茎叶片可溶性蛋白质含量和CAT比活力的升幅及绿茎叶片POD和SOD比活力的降幅均更大;在冰水处理结束时,紫茎植株叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量、POD和SOD的比活力均高于绿茎的,但CAT比活力和MDA含量略低于绿茎的。但是,紫、绿茎植株叶片的可溶性蛋白质和MDA含量及抗氧化酶比活力的差异均未达到显著水平。因此,三七地上茎积累花色苷利于其抗寒。     

干旱区水氮耦合效应对棉花生长性状及产量的影响

旨在分析干旱区水氮耦合效应对膜下滴灌棉花的生长机制。采用灌溉定额和施氮量二因素完全随机试验,研究水氮耦合效应对棉花生长性状及产量的影响。结果表明：灌溉定额为3300 m³/hm²时棉花苗期-蕾期天数增加,开花期-吐絮期天数缩短,地上部干物质积累量较低。灌溉定额为4500 m³/hm²时随着施氮量的增加,棉花株高、地上部干物质积累量增加,但产量呈先增加后下降的趋势。不同的灌溉定额下,施氮量为150 kg/hm²时,棉花蕾期-盛铃期天数最短,蕾铃脱落率较高,施氮量增加至 375 kg/hm²时,棉花株高、地上部干物质积累量较高,但叶面积指数、单株有效铃数和单铃重呈下降趋势。灌溉定额为3900 m³/hm²施氮量为300 kg/hm²时,棉花蕾期-盛铃期天数延长,优化了产量构成因素,产量达到最高为6992.33 kg/hm²。     

Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients,water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China

Excessive tillage compromises soil quality by causing severe water shortages that can lead to crop failure. Reports on the effects of conservation tillage on major soil nutrients, water use efficiency and gain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rainfed regions in the North China Plain are relatively scarce. In this work, four tillage approaches were tested from 2004 to 2012 in a randomized study performed in triplicate: one conventional tillage and three conservation tillage experiments with straw mulching (no tillage during wheat and maize seasons, subsoiling during the maize season but no tillage during the wheat season, and ridge planting during both wheat and maize seasons). Compared with conventional tillage, by 2012, eight years of conservation tillage treatments (no tillage, subsoiling and ridge planting) resulted in a significant increase in available phosphorus in topsoil (0–0.20 m), by 3.8%, 37.8% and 36.9%, respectively. Soil available potassium was also increased following conservation tillage, by 13.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, and soil organic matter by 0.17%, 5.65% and 4.77%, while soil total nitrogen was altered by −2.33%, 4.21% and 1.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, all three conservation tillage approaches increased water use efficiency, by 19.1–28.4% (average 24.6%), 10.1–23.8% (average 15.9%) and 11.2–20.7% (average 15.7%) in wheat, maize and annual, respectively. Additionally, wheat yield was increased by 7.9–12.0% (average 10.3%), maize yield by 13.4–24.6% (average 17.4%) and rotation annual yield by 12.3–16.9% (average 14.1%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that subsoiling and ridge planting with straw mulching performed better than conventional tillage for enhancing major soil nutrients and improving grain yield and water use efficiency in rainfed regions in the North China Plain.     

亚热带3种森林类型土壤微生物碳、氮生物量特征比较

为了比较不同森林类型土壤微生物数量和生物量的差异特征,揭示不同森林类型对微生物数量和生物量碳、氮的影响,采用稀释平板法和氯仿熏蒸浸提法,研究了湖南省长沙市天际岭国家森林植物园樟树人工林、马尾松人工林、樟树-马尾松混交林土壤微生物数量、碳氮生物量特征。结果表明：（1）樟树林、混交林和马尾松林中的土壤微生物总数量为樟树林>混交林>马尾松林,均呈显著差异(P<0.05);（2）林型对土壤微生物数量和比例有显著的影响。各类土壤微生物比例特征为：细菌为樟树林>马尾松林>混交林,真菌为混交林>马尾松>樟树林,放线菌为混交林>马尾松>樟树林;（3）3种林型土壤微生物生物量碳的特征为马尾松林>混交林>樟树林,其平均含量分别为543.01、421.48、370.95 mg/kg;微生物生物量氮特征则为：樟树林>马尾松林>混交林,平均含量分别为37.28 mg/kg、23.20 mg/kg、15.12 mg/kg。土壤微生物生物量碳、氮与土壤有机碳、全氮呈显著线性相关,与土壤水分相关关系不显著,土壤有机质是影响土壤微生物生物量的重要因素。     

一株产蛋白酶海洋菌的筛选、鉴定及培养条件优化

为了获得高产蛋白酶的菌株,将其广泛应用于水产养殖中。从青岛市胶州湾海泥中分离得到一株产蛋白酶的海洋菌ZR-Pw。通过菌株ZR-Pw的菌落形态、菌体形状、革兰氏染色,结合16S rDNA基因序列,对菌种进行鉴定;将ZR-Pw接入发酵培养基中,测定该菌株的生长曲线、产酶曲线,确定其产酶的最适温度及pH。结果显示：菌株ZR-Pw为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。菌株在生长到18 h时,菌体生长量达到最大值。在菌株生长到24 h时,产酶量达到最大值。该菌株产酶最适温度为35℃,最适pH 8.0。试验为菌株ZR-Pw产蛋白酶的产业化开发提供依据。     

日本冲绳本岛临海民居风景防护林的构建及对中国新民居建设的启示

为加快推进中国农村新民居建设,完善相关配套建设措施,笔者借鉴日本在防灾减灾理论和方法方面处于世界前列,以法律的形式保证规划先行的经验,通过对冲绳本岛相关历史资料分析、民意调查和实地调查,以及福木起源的追溯,福木数量和防护林密度的测算等,论证了福木风景防护林映衬红瓦木造建筑为冲绳典型集落（即村庄、村落）特征。风景防护林的构建源自于村民抵御自然灾害的本能和政府保一方平安的责任意识,最后发展为保护村民生活环境、保障社会安定的基础。同时防护林使冲绳自然环境更显生态美观,促进了旅游业的兴旺,旅游已成为冲绳的支柱产业。