Fish meal replacement by plant and animal by-products in diets for the Australian short-finned eel, Anguilla australis australis (Richardson)

In this experiment, 23% of fish meal protein was replaced with protein from Australian soybean meal (SBM), lupin meal (LM), corn gluten meal (CGM) and meat meal (MM) in nutritionally balanced experimental diets. Growth and growth efficiencies of juvenile Australian short‐finned eel Anguilla australis australis (Richardson) elvers (2.23±0.4‐g average wet weight) were compared. Elvers were fed twice a day to a total of 5% body weight per day for 63 days. Total weight gain (g), specific growth rate (% day^?1), protein efficiency ratio (%) and productive protein value (%) were significantly higher (P<0.05) for elvers fed the MM diet than for those fed the LM diet. There were no differences in diurnal ammonia‐nitrogen excretion rates. However, diurnal urea‐nitrogen excretion rates were significantly (P<0.05) affected by diet and rates were two to three times higher for all diets, except CGM, 4 h following the afternoon feed. Diet significantly affected apparent digestibility (AD); ADs of protein for SBM and LM were significantly (P<0.001) higher than for control diet, CGM and MM; AD of energy for LM was significantly (P<0.05) lower than for all the other diets. Fish meal protein was replaced by CGM, SBM and MM without compromising growth rates of the Australian short‐finned eel. However, whole lupin seed meal (LM) depressed growth and growth efficiencies most likely because of the high indigestible carbohydrate content.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients in brewer's and rendered animal by-products for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum))

Two experiments were conducted to measure the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients, dry matter, and energy in by‐products of the brewing industry and in selected animal protein ingredients for rainbow trout. In experiment 1, 500 rainbow trout (average body weight 170.8±5.5 g) were stocked in ten 140‐L digestibility tanks with 50 fish per tank and two tanks per diet. Yttrium oxide was used as an inert marker in the diets. The high fibre content of brewer's dried grains (BDG) affected the ADCs of dry matter but not of protein or amino acids. Brewer's dried yeast had a higher protein content than BDG, but ADC values for protein and amino acids were significantly lower. The ADCs of phosphorus were similar among brewer's dried products. The BDG high‐protein, fraction had marginally higher ADC values for dry matter, protein and amino acids than regular BDG. Conditions in experiment 2 were similar to those in experiment 1. ADC values for spray‐dried porcine plasma were over 98% for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, and gross energy. ADC values for spent hen meal were higher than those of poultry by‐product meal or feather meal, with the exception of gross energy. However, spent hen meal was unpalatable. The ADCs in these ingredients were variable, and this variability must be taken into account when these ingredients are formulated into feeds for fish.     

Alternative matrices for cortisol measurement in fish

Plasma cortisol is the most commonly used indicator of stress in fish but, as the blood sampling procedure itself can be a source of stress, it would be helpful to measure cortisol using less invasive matrices. It is also necessary to find alternative matrices as stress indicators in dead fish in which blood sampling is impossible. In the present study, we investigated transport stress in three aquaculture species, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), by cortisol determination (radioimmunoassay) in plasma and other matrices (skin mucus, gut content, lateral muscle and caudal fin). Cortisol significantly increased after transport in all species and matrices, except in the sea bass gut content, where it remained unchanged. The three species responded to transport stress by producing different cortisol levels. In conclusion, the significant correlation found between plasma cortisol and most of the other matrices opens up the possibility of using them to evaluate stress in fish: mucus sampling is a less invasive method than blood sampling, and in addition to muscle and fin sampling, it can be used in postmortem fish.     

工程造价对小型水电站方案选择的影响

为了克服工程造价对小型水电站方案选择的不良影响，通过对永安市溪南水电站方案比较选择的分析，说明工程造价对非国有资金投资的小型水电站在方案选择时的不良影响，并提出相应措施，希望能够更好地实现充分利用水能资源，鼓励投资建设有调节性能的小水电站。     

Experimental Research on the Application of Enviromental Protection Refrigerants in the Large-scale Screw-Refrigerator

On the research of alternative refrigerants, because of their advantageous thermal characters and unparalleled prepondrance of environmental protection, kinds of HCs substance have taken more and more scholars attention. At the base of full demonstration, the HCs is applied on large-scale screw-refrigerator for the first time. The result indicate that, although the autlwrs do not make any better about the system, the energy-efficiency-ratio(EER) of R290 system is equally matched R22 system. So R290 can alternate R22 in the refrigerant system and can works well. If some improvements are maken on the system against the flammability of HCs, then the large-scale refrigerant system with HCs as the refrigerant could march to the markets, and make immense social and economic benefits.     

二冲程醇类混合燃料发动机点火提前角调节系统的研究

通过分析点火提前角对发动机性能的影响,得出使用醇类混合燃料的二冲程发动机需要改进点火系统的结论。将现阶段汽车工业在点火系统上采用的微机控制点火技术加以改进后移植到二冲程发动机上,在原点火系统中加装点火控制单元ECU并将其改造成电控点火系统。改进后的点火系统可对点火提前角进行标定,对发动机在不同转速和工况下的点火提前角进行实时调节,找到发动机在该转速和工况下的理想点火提前角。改进后的二冲程汽油机可进一步改善发动机的动力性、经济性以及排放性能。     

基于黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地覆土材料的优选

黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地需要覆盖足够厚度的土壤以保证农作物生长,针对济宁市部分采煤沉陷地可取土量不足问题,该文提出利用当地表土、心土和黄河泥沙组配作为覆土材料研究,以达到增加覆盖土壤厚度和改良当地土壤质地的目的。研究表明,覆土材料有利于玉米生长发育,表土、心土和黄河泥沙组配(质量比)为1:1:1.33~1:1:2的覆土材料玉米苗期生物量显著高于对照土壤;组配为1:1:0.86~1:1:2的覆土材料质地为壤土,是较为理想的土壤类型;组配为1:1:0.86~1:1:2的覆土材料容重为1.38~1.41g/cm3,密度为2.64~2.68g/cm3,较为适宜农作物生长。覆土材料可以显著降低当地土壤p H值和电导率,对农作物不产生盐害作用;其入渗性能提升,增加了土壤储水能力,组配为1:1:0.86~1:1:2的覆土材料入渗能力接近多年耕种农田;其水分特征曲线左移,毛管孔隙度、有效水孔隙度和水分常数基本呈现下降趋势,持水和供水能力下降。根据尽量增加黄河泥沙充填层上覆土材料厚度原则,优选出表土、心土和黄河泥沙组配为1:1:2的覆土材料作为黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地的覆土材料,可在大田试验中进行进一步的验证。     

Assessment of shoreline vegetation in relation to use by molting black brant Branta bernicla nigricans on the Alaska coastal plain

To evaluate the importance of large thaw lakes on the Alaska Coastal Plain for molting Pacific black brant Branta bernicla nigricans, distribution and life form of shoreline vegetation were assessed using several scales: satellite imagery, point-intercept transects, cover quadrats, and a parameter for water regime. Brant population and distribution estimates from aerial surveys were used to classify large lakes into high, moderate, and low use. Correlations between brant and abundance of their preferred feeding site — moss flats — were best demostrated by satellite imagery. Intercepts and cover ratings were not correlated, presumably because these techniques were less efficient at assessing area. General observations suggested that the presence of islands, large ice floes, and possibly other physical attributes of the habitat, influenced brant distribution. This area is unique because of low-lying, drained-lake basins that have ideal combinations of moss flats and large water areas where brant seek protection disturbance is vital to the success of this declining species because alternate habitats may not be available elsewhere on the Coastal Plain. in water or on ice floes. Protection of the area from