生物柴油作为汽车新能源的特点

近年来,随着人们对有限石油资源的认识,意识到应减少对其作为主要能源的依赖,在全球范围内加快了对可再生能源的研究。生物柴油是很具潜力的汽车可再生替代燃料。它是一种可再生、环保的替代能源,它可以在未做任何改动的柴油机上燃用。本文通过对生物柴油作为汽车燃料特点的分析,指出生物柴油作为一种新型燃料,是目前柴油的较好替代品．认为生物柴油作为汽车新能源具有很好的实用意义和很大的发展潜力。     

甲醇用作柴油替代燃料的研究进展

在比较甲醇、柴油及汽油物化特性的基础上,分析了甲醇作为柴油替代燃料的优劣势,综述了柴油机燃甲醇的方法;同时,结合西华大学制定《M10车用甲醇汽油》四川省地方标准和甲醇在柴油机中应用的研究工作,指出甲醇用作柴油替代燃料的应用趋势,为甲醇用作柴油替代燃料的研究提供参考.     

Depletion of serum alternative complement pathway activity in gilthead seabream caused by α-tocopherol and n-3 HUFA dietary deficiencies

Studies on the alternative complement pathway (ACP) activity in fish have suggested the particular relevance of this pathway as a non-specific immune mechanism being its activation directly related with the availability of certain nutrients. In the present study ACP activity in gilthead seabream fed different dietary levels of a-tocopherol and n-3 HUFA deficiencies was studied under different stress conditions (overcrowding and repetitive chasing).A reduction in ACP activity was found when diets with deficiencies in -tocopherol and n-3 HUFA were assayed at any of the experimental conditions assayed. Levels of plasma cortisol were similar to those of fish after crowding stress subjected to dietary deficiencies at low stocking density, suggesting that dietary deficiencies produced a chronic elevation of cortisol. When fish were subjected to repetitive chasing, plasma cortisol from fish fed control diet showed a progressive increase whereas plasma cortisol levels from both dietary deficient groups showed a transitory peak 4 days after the beginning of the repetitive chasing. However, ACP activity levels of fish fed deficient diets remained lower than the control group and constant during chasing period. These results suggest that both a-tocopherol and n-3 HUFA nutritional deficiencies rather than stress are an important determinant of fish complement activity.     

我国猪瘟疫苗效力检验的替代方法研究与应用进展

我国兽药典中现行的猪瘟疫苗效力检验方法存在试验成本较高、周期较长、操作较繁琐、重复性较差、敏感性较低等缺点,随着分子生物学与免疫学技术的日臻发展与应用,猪瘟疫苗效力检验的新兴替代检验方法不断发展和完善。论文就我国近年来针对猪瘟疫苗毒种、半成品、成品效力检验的新兴分子生物学和免疫学检测方法的研究与应用进展做一简要综述,旨在为提升我国猪瘟疫苗效力检验水平提供合理的科学依据。     

Fish meal replacement by plant and animal by-products in diets for the Australian short-finned eel, Anguilla australis australis (Richardson)

In this experiment, 23% of fish meal protein was replaced with protein from Australian soybean meal (SBM), lupin meal (LM), corn gluten meal (CGM) and meat meal (MM) in nutritionally balanced experimental diets. Growth and growth efficiencies of juvenile Australian short‐finned eel Anguilla australis australis (Richardson) elvers (2.23±0.4‐g average wet weight) were compared. Elvers were fed twice a day to a total of 5% body weight per day for 63 days. Total weight gain (g), specific growth rate (% day^?1), protein efficiency ratio (%) and productive protein value (%) were significantly higher (P<0.05) for elvers fed the MM diet than for those fed the LM diet. There were no differences in diurnal ammonia‐nitrogen excretion rates. However, diurnal urea‐nitrogen excretion rates were significantly (P<0.05) affected by diet and rates were two to three times higher for all diets, except CGM, 4 h following the afternoon feed. Diet significantly affected apparent digestibility (AD); ADs of protein for SBM and LM were significantly (P<0.001) higher than for control diet, CGM and MM; AD of energy for LM was significantly (P<0.05) lower than for all the other diets. Fish meal protein was replaced by CGM, SBM and MM without compromising growth rates of the Australian short‐finned eel. However, whole lupin seed meal (LM) depressed growth and growth efficiencies most likely because of the high indigestible carbohydrate content.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients in brewer's and rendered animal by-products for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum))

Two experiments were conducted to measure the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients, dry matter, and energy in by‐products of the brewing industry and in selected animal protein ingredients for rainbow trout. In experiment 1, 500 rainbow trout (average body weight 170.8±5.5 g) were stocked in ten 140‐L digestibility tanks with 50 fish per tank and two tanks per diet. Yttrium oxide was used as an inert marker in the diets. The high fibre content of brewer's dried grains (BDG) affected the ADCs of dry matter but not of protein or amino acids. Brewer's dried yeast had a higher protein content than BDG, but ADC values for protein and amino acids were significantly lower. The ADCs of phosphorus were similar among brewer's dried products. The BDG high‐protein, fraction had marginally higher ADC values for dry matter, protein and amino acids than regular BDG. Conditions in experiment 2 were similar to those in experiment 1. ADC values for spray‐dried porcine plasma were over 98% for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, and gross energy. ADC values for spent hen meal were higher than those of poultry by‐product meal or feather meal, with the exception of gross energy. However, spent hen meal was unpalatable. The ADCs in these ingredients were variable, and this variability must be taken into account when these ingredients are formulated into feeds for fish.     

基于遗传算法的乡级土地利用规划空间布局方案研究

针对乡级土地利用规划中如何将确定的土地利用数量结构方案优化配置到具体的地域空间,以及常规的精确算法求解每次只能产生一个空间布局方案的问题,提出了辅助产生可供选择的乡级土地利用规划空间布局方案的遗传算法。首先根据目标规划原理建立了乡级土地利用规划空间布局问题的数学模型,以最大化布局方案的综合指数及最大化布局方案中每类用地在空间布局上的紧凑度作为目标函数;其次针对该数学模型多目标、非线性的特点,提出了基于遗传算法的求解方法,主要包括编码方法确定、种群初始化、适应度的计算及遗传操作等过程。利用该方法,在北京市平谷区王辛庄镇的土地利用规划空间布局中,得到了多种规划方案,结果表明,遗传算法是一种辅助乡级土地利用规划的有效优化方法。