防治水稻二化螟的高毒农药替代药剂的室内筛选

为了筛选防治水稻二化螟的高毒农药替代药剂,采用点滴法测定了7类32种药剂对不同水稻生态区二化螟种群的室内毒力。基于这些毒力数据,推荐对二化螟毒力较高的7种新型农药（氟虫腈、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、虫酰肼、呋喃虫酰肼、氟铃脲和氟啶脲）和一些中低毒性的有机磷品种（如辛硫磷、喹硫磷、毒死蜱和哒嗪硫磷）作为大田药效试验的候选替代药剂。评估了田间二化螟对10种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性,发现7种对鱼高毒的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂（高效氟氯氰菊酯、λ 高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯和S 氰戊菊酯）对二化螟的毒力高于大多数有机磷类农药。虽然我国禁止上述菊酯类杀虫剂在水稻上使用,但是浙江瑞安田间种群（RA05）已对高效氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和λ 高效氯氟氰菊酯等产生高水平抗性（抗性倍数分别为166.7、51.9、41.3和36.8倍）。对鱼低毒的3种菊酯类农药（乙氰菊酯、醚菊酯和氟硅菊酯）对抗性二化螟（RA05）的毒力高于三唑磷。因此,可考虑将这些对鱼低毒的菊酯类农药作为防治水稻二化螟的高毒农药的替代药剂和抗性治理的轮换品种。     

The use of alternative diets to culture juvenile cuttlefish,Sepia officinalis: effects on growth and lipid composition

The effects of feeding three natural frozen diets, grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sp.), crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and fish (Sardina pilchardus) and two semi‐humid artificial diets (based on fish or shrimp powder) to the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, were analysed. Growth rate and feeding rate [FR; % body weight (BW) day^?1] and food conversions (FC, %) were determined. Cuttlefish fed shrimp grew larger (3.8% BW day^?1) and had the highest FC, followed by those fed crayfish, and sardine. The highest FR was obtained for cuttlefish fed crayfish (10.5% BW day^?1). Although both artificial diets were accepted, none produced growth. Digestive gland‐to‐body weight ratio (DG/BW ratio) was calculated for animals fed each diet. A positive correlation (r = 0.94) between cuttlefish ingestion FR and DG weight was obtained. Mortality occurred mainly during the last week, and some cannibalism occurred among cuttlefish fed artificial diets. Finally, lipid composition of diets, DG and mantle of each group were analysed. Sardine diet was characterized by high levels of triacylglycerol (TG), whereas the main difference between shrimp and crayfish was the higher n‐3/n‐6 ratio found in shrimp. Changes in the lipid composition of DG were related to diet, but did not correlate with growth data. A strong loss of TG in the DG of artificial diets groups was notable. No differences in mantle lipid composition among the natural diets were found, but artificial diet groups showed higher contents of neutral lipids in their mantle respect to natural diets. According to results obtained, crayfish (P. clarkii) could be used as an alternative prey for rearing S. officinalis compared with shrimp. Artificial diets showed the worst effects in growth and mortality as well as the stronger influence on DG and mantle lipid composition of cuttlefish.     

Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp. in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and Artemia

Use of antibiotics for the control of bacterial diseases in shrimp culture has caused several adverse impacts to the industry. This has resulted in the search for alternative environment friendly approaches to overcome bacterial infections. This study was conducted to investigate the use of beneficial bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. Ten pathogenic bacterial species isolated from shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and Artemia cysts were tested for susceptibility to indigenous marine Bacillus subtilis AB65, Bacillus pumilus AB58, Bacillus licheniformis AB69 and compared with oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and bacitracin, which are common antibiotics used in Asian aquaculture. The Bacillus spp. were isolated from the local marine environment for bioremediation use in shrimp hatcheries and were proven to reduce total ammonium nitrogen. The pathogenic bacterial isolates were 90% susceptible to B. subtilis AB65, 70% susceptible to B. pumilus AB58 and B. licheniformis AB69 and 100% susceptible to oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol and gentamicin but only 40% to bacitracin. Two representative isolates of the vibrio group, Vibrio alginolyticus VaM11 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus VpM1, when tested for competitive exclusion by a common broth method using the marine Bacillus spp., showed decreased viable counts from 10(8) to 10(2) cfu mL(-1). The results suggest that the action of the marine bacteria appears to be significant in protecting the host shrimp against pathogenic bacteria. In addition to the alternative use of antibiotics, the selected marine bacteria had additional bioremediation properties of reducing ammonia.     

三疣梭子蟹蜕皮周期的分期

采用形态学特征观察法对三疣梭子蟹蜕皮周期的划分进行了研究,并将三疣梭子蟹蜕皮周期划分为蜕皮后期、蜕皮间期、蜕皮前期和蜕皮期。结果显示,根据甲壳硬度变化蜕皮后期被分成A期(身体各部位很软),B期(背甲边缘变硬,腮区、心区尚软);根据游泳足趾节末端新旧表皮基线间距/旧表皮厚度的比值(R值)结合解剖后新壳的生长状况,蜕皮前期被细分为D₀亚期(0<R≤0.4)、D₁亚期(0.4<R≤0.65)、D₂亚期(0.65<R≤0.9)、D3亚期(R≈1)和D₄亚期(R≈1,新旧壳可完全分离)5个亚期;头胸甲腹面和螯足长节背面蜕皮缝的裂开是进入蜕皮期的先兆。     

High stocking density produces crowding stress altering some physiological and biochemical parameters in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, juveniles

High stocking density has been shown to produce a wide variety of effects on cultured fish populations, such as alterations in behavior and poor feed utilization, resulting in mortality and poor growth. High stocking density has also been reported to produce chronic stress and mobilization of energy sources in fish. There are few studies focusing on the effect of high stocking density on one of the most important marine fish species for Mediterranean aquaculture, gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Consequently, this study investigates the effect of high stocking density on juveniles of this species, focusing on effects of stocking density on growth, biochemical composition, immune status and hematology.The results of this study showed that high stocking density produced a chronic stress situation. Plasma cortisol levels increased up to 16.25 ng ml–1 in fish held at high stocking; this value was 4 fold that of fish held at low stocking; density (3.91 ng ml–1 ). As a consequenceof this stressful situation, there was both haemoconcentration and a decrease in alternative complement pathway (ACP), an important component of the immune system of fish (from 167.23 U ml–1 down to 146.37 U ml–1). Haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count were significantly higher in fish held at high stocking density (43.87%, 10.76 9dl–1 and 3.36 ×106 mm–3, respectively) compared with those fish held at low stocking density (37.21%, 9.32 g/dlg–1 and 2.82 ×106 mm–3, respectively).In addition, high stocking density produced a decrease in hepatosomatic index (from 2.26 down to 2.04) and altered liver fatty acid composition. Oleic acid (18: 1n-9) decreased in liver total lipids of fish held at high stocking density and arachidonic acid (20: 4-n6) and n-3 high unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) were reduced in liver polar lipids of those fish. These alterations reflect the effect of stocking density on lipid metabolism to help meet the increased energy demand.     

水肥交互作用对稻田氮素利用率和氮素平衡的影响

采用蒸渗仪方法和同位素示踪技术研究了稻田常规灌溉和节水灌溉条件下不同施肥水平和施肥方式的氮素利用率和氮素平衡,结果表明:稻谷氮素累积量占植株氮素累积量一半左右,间歇灌溉模式和传统淹灌模式氮素累积量的差异反应在茎和绿叶和实粒,而在黄叶和秕粒中差别不大;差值法测得氮肥利用率比同位素法偏高,但二者均表现为间歇灌溉氮肥利用率高于淹灌模式,且间歇灌溉模式下低氮水平氮肥利用率高于高氮处理;根据同位素示踪法计算氮素平衡,氮素在稻田系统中的分配为氨挥发和反硝化占37.4%~51.7%,土壤残留占20.4%~37.7%,作物吸收占9.2%~36.4%,淋失占0.3%~16.4%。     

内燃机燃用氢气的研究进展

介绍了氢气的特点及作为代用燃料的优势,详细综述了氢气作为发动机燃料的各种燃用方式的研究进展,并对氢气在内燃机中的应用前景及存在的问题进行了探讨.     

三峡库区面向水土保持的土地利用模式

合理的土地利用方式是三峡库区水土保持的重要基础,对确保三峡水库安全运行和库区生态安全具有重要作用。提出了库岸复合立体农业、有限顺坡耕作、水旱耕地交错布局三种典型土地利用模式,介绍了各种模式的结构和布局设计,分析了各种模式的基本原理及功能。三种模式投入低、操作方便并且高效、实用,适合三峡库区的地形地貌特征和社会经济环境。今后应加强对各种具有水土保持功能的土地利用方式的效应监测和适宜性评价,以筛选出适合三峡库区不同环境条件的土地利用模式。     

皮质醇对黄颡鱼成鱼吞噬细胞和补体活性的影响

采用皮质醇混饲投喂的方法．模拟自然条件下的慢性应激,研究皮质醇对黄颡鱼咸鱼吞噬细胞呼吸暴发和血清补体旁路溶血活性（ACH50）的影响。研究结果与结论如下。皮质醇混饲投喂可使血清皮质醇浓度持续显著升高,各周对照组血清皮质醇含量均无显著性差异,证明采用皮质醇混饲投喂的方法可模拟自然慢性应激情况下的血清皮质醇浓度持续显著升高。从第2周开始头肾吞噬细胞的呼吸暴发功能显著下降（P〈0．05）,证明皮质醇对头肾吞噬细胞的杀菌能力产生显著抑制作用。10mg／kg剂量组,ACH50在投喂第2、第5、第6周显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,100mg／kg剂量组,ACH50从第2周开始一直都极显著低于同期对照组（P〈0．01）,证明皮质醇显著抑制血清补体旁路溶血活性,且血清皮质醇浓度越高其抑制作用越强。     

低温弱光对黄瓜幼苗地上部和根系生长与呼吸作用的影响

以冷敏感作物黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)为材料,研究低温弱光(100μmol/m2.s-1、8℃)对黄瓜幼苗地上部及根系生长与呼吸作用的影响。结果表明:低温弱光抑制了黄瓜幼苗地上部与根系的生长,并导致根冠比由0.17增加为0.26。叶片总呼吸(Vt)、细胞色素呼吸(ρ’Vcyt)和抗氰呼吸(ρValt)在胁迫初期瞬间急剧增强,后随处理时间延长又迅速下降,其中Vt和ρ’Vcyt低于对照水平,但ρValt仍与对照水平相当;低温弱光虽然降低了根系ρ’Vcyt,但诱导ρValt显著增强,最终导致Vt增加;低温弱光下根系ρValt/Vt的增加程度明显高于叶片。低温弱光下叶片线粒体呼吸控制率下降程度大于根系,说明低温弱光对叶片线粒体的伤害大于根系。