干旱沙漠绿洲区地膜玉米控制性隔沟交替灌溉节水技术研究

针对石羊河流域干旱缺水的民勤县种植大田玉米耗水量大的实际，根据多年试验资料，研究分析了玉米控制性交替隔沟灌溉对作物生长和水分利用的影响及干旱区地膜玉米控制性交替灌溉节水高效技术的可行性。     

Evaluation of an alternative salt mixture to culture Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in inland aquaculture

Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, exhibit a remarkable ability to tolerate low‐salinity environments, facilitating its culture far from coastal areas using various production systems at salinities less than 15 g/L. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and biofloc systems are usually operated using reconstituted sea salt (RSS), which is a considerable financial burden to commercial producers due to its higher price. Current study was carried out with the objective of testing the efficacy of a low‐cost salt solution to replace expensive RSS to grow shrimp under laboratory conditions. Low‐cost salt mixture (LCSM) was formulated to yield sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations closely comparable to that of diluted seawater using agriculture grade sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate, potassium oxide, calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. Growth trials were conducted at three different salinities of 3, 6 and 15 g/L, incrementally replacing RSS with LCSM (0, 2.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) at four replicates per treatment. Twenty juvenile shrimp were reared for 42 days in 150 L polyethylene tanks. Ionic profile of water, ionic profile and osmolality of shrimp haemolymph were determined to justify growth and survival data through analysing ionic variations and osmoregulatory capacity of shrimp. At the conclusion, no significant differences were observed in survival, growth, osmoregulation and levels of cations in shrimp haemolymph between RSS and LCSM treatments at all salinities examined. Results reflect the potential use of LCSM to replace RSS which could be an excellent solution to bring down the cost of production in inland shrimp aquaculture.     

Addition of the red macroalgae Turkish Towel Chondracanthus exasperates and taurine improves the performance of alternative plant‐based feeds for juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria

Turkish Towel Chondracanthus exasperates and taurine were added to alternative plant‐based feeds for juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria to evaluate the effect of these ingredients, alone or combined, on fish growth, feed intake and efficiency, whole body nutrient composition, and liver histomorphology. Fish growth was significantly increased with the addition of taurine, and to a lesser extent, Turkish Towel to the experimental feeds. Feed efficiency and protein retention were significantly improved with the addition of taurine, but were unaffected by Turkish Towel addition. As expected, whole body taurine content was significantly affected by taurine addition. Increases in whole body lipid were observed with both taurine and Turkish Towel addition, with a significant interaction between the two factors. Liver histomorphology was generally normal; however, histopathologic changes were observed in some fish at the end of the experiment. The occurrence of hepatocellular nuclear pleomorphism and clear cell foci was less among fish that had received the Turkish Towel feeds. The addition of taurine had no effect on the number of fish with a histopathologic change. Overall, results from this study reaffirm taurine supplementation is beneficial to sablefish receiving plant‐based feeds and indicate Turkish Towel may be a promising feed ingredient for this species.     

柴油机燃用生物质燃油--柴油混合燃料燃烧特性的研究

在测定生物质燃油物理性能的基础上,将生物质燃油和柴油做各种配比,最后筛选出了生物质燃油柴油(体积比)=19的混合燃料与纯柴油进行了台架对比试验.结果表明在发动机结构不变的情况下,燃用混合燃料1和混合燃料2是可行的,与纯柴油相比节油效果显著,节油率可分别达11.7%和6.6%,并有效降低了柴油机的排放污染,CO2含量分别降低了7.1%和4.5%.     

Efficiency of N2 fixation in Vicia faba L. in combination with different Rhizobium leguminosarum strains

The efficiency of symbiotic dinitrogen (N₂) fixation in Vicia faba L. in combination with 3 different Rhizobium leguminosarum strains was studied in a pot experiment during vegetative and reproductive growth. The objective of the experiments was to assess variability among Rhizobium strains inoculated on single legume species and determine possible reasons for observed variations. Dry matter formation, N₂ fixation and the carbon (C) costs of N₂ fixation were determined in comparison with nodule free plants grown with urea. Nodule number and the capacity of different respiratory chains in the nodules were also measured. The plants inoculated with the Rhizobium strain A 37 formed less dry matter and fixed less N compared to the other two Rhizobium strains (Vic 1 and A 150). This coincided with a lower number of nodules and higher C costs of N₂ fixation. The C costs for N₂ fixation were in all cases significantly lower during reproductive growth compared to vegetative growth. Neither the latter nor the differences in C expenditure for N₂ fixation between the Rhizobium strains could be explained in terms of differences or shifts in the capacity of different respiratory chains in the nodules.     

碳中和战略下林业碳汇引入生态修复司法之效能探究

2022年以来,部分法院接力推动林业碳汇引入生态修复司法的进程,并最终得到司法解释的认可,形成了林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案。林业碳汇交易系实现碳达峰、碳中和的重要路径,生态环境司法也提出要服务碳达峰、碳中和的实现。在此背景下,分析该方案的实践样态,探查林业碳汇引入生态修复司法的现实需求、原有制度的缺陷以及引入基础,揭示林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案的潜在效能,特别是其对碳达峰、碳中和战略的重要意义,从而尝试给出加速林业碳汇法律化进程,明确林业碳汇替代性赔偿方案的属性及实用领域等针对性优化建议。     

烟草PR3b转录后剪切元件NRSE1与GUS融合表达后的可变剪切

【目的】烟草（Nicotiana tabacum L.）碱性几丁质酶基因PR3b在低烟碱突变体（nic1和nic2）中存在转录后mRNA可变剪切现象,但其可变剪切的发生机制仍不清楚。将PR3b的可变剪切元件NRSE1（nicotine- synthesis related splicing element 1）与GUS融合表达,分析NRSE1元件的独立可变剪切特性,以揭示其作用机制。【方法】利用PCR扩增方法获得PR3b cDNA序列中的NRSE1元件片段,并利用基因重组技术构建了烟草PR3b可变剪切元件NRSE1与GUS的融合表达载体。将融合表达载体导入农杆菌LBA4404后,通过农杆菌介导的叶盘转化法培育了表达NRSE1与GUS融合子的低烟碱突变体nic1和nic2及野生型烟草转基因植株;通过RT-PCR检测及GUS染色鉴定出阳性植株后,利用RT-PCR分析NRSE1与GUS融合表达后在低烟碱突变体和野生型烟草中的可变剪切特性;对转基因植株的幼苗进行乙烯（ET）和茉莉酸（JA）处理,通过GUS染色方法分析ET和JA处理对转基因植株中GUS活性的影响,并通过RT-PCR方法分析ET和JA处理对转基因植株中NRSE1与GUS融合子的可变剪切特性影响,以及对转基因植株中NRSE1与GUS融合子表达水平的影响。【结果】通过RT-PCR检测及GUS染色鉴定出表达NRSE1元件与GUS融合子的低烟碱突变体和野生型烟草转基因植株;RT-PCR检测及测序分析证明,NRSE1元件与GUS融合表达后仍能在低烟碱突变体发生高水平的可变剪切,剪切修饰区段的序列变化与烟草中PR3b的mRNA可变剪切修饰一致;利用ET和JA处理转基因植株进行的GUS染色表明,ET和JA处理对转基因植株的GUS活性有不同程度的影响;但利用ET和JA处理转基因植株进行的RT-PCR分析表明,ET和JA处理不改变NRSE1元件原有的诱导剪切特性,也不影响转基因植株中NRSE1元件与GUS融合子的表达水平。【结论】PR3b的可变剪切元件NRSE1与GUS在烟草中融合表达后,仍能在低烟碱突变体nic1和nic2中发生高水平的可变剪切;NRSE1在烟草中的可变剪切不依赖PR3b的其他mRNA区段,是烟草PR3b发生可变剪切的独立元件;ET和JA处理对NRSE1元件与GUS融合表达植株的GUS活性具有一定影响,可能存在翻译水平的调控作用。     

水肥交互作用对稻田氮素利用率和氮素平衡的影响

采用蒸渗仪方法和同位素示踪技术研究了稻田常规灌溉和节水灌溉条件下不同施肥水平和施肥方式的氮素利用率和氮素平衡,结果表明:稻谷氮素累积量占植株氮素累积量一半左右,间歇灌溉模式和传统淹灌模式氮素累积量的差异反应在茎和绿叶和实粒,而在黄叶和秕粒中差别不大;差值法测得氮肥利用率比同位素法偏高,但二者均表现为间歇灌溉氮肥利用率高于淹灌模式,且间歇灌溉模式下低氮水平氮肥利用率高于高氮处理;根据同位素示踪法计算氮素平衡,氮素在稻田系统中的分配为氨挥发和反硝化占37.4%~51.7%,土壤残留占20.4%~37.7%,作物吸收占9.2%~36.4%,淋失占0.3%~16.4%。     

内燃机燃用氢气的研究进展

介绍了氢气的特点及作为代用燃料的优势,详细综述了氢气作为发动机燃料的各种燃用方式的研究进展,并对氢气在内燃机中的应用前景及存在的问题进行了探讨.