烤烟漂浮育苗基质替代研究

[目的]寻找烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum L.)漂浮育苗的替代基质。[方法]用黄土替代烤烟漂浮育苗基质,研究烤烟生长情况。采用随机区组设计,试验设5个处理,分别为:70%黄土装盘后填入30%基质、压穴后播种漂盘;50%黄土装盘后填入50%基质、压穴后播种漂盘;50%黄土与50%基质混合后装盘、压穴后播种漂盘;100%河砂装盘后压穴播种漂盘;100%常规基质,按常规方法装盘后压穴、播种漂盘(CK)。[结果]黄土替代烤烟漂浮育苗基质的综合效果均优于砂培育苗,与常规基质育苗效果接近。[结论]黄土替代烤烟漂浮育苗基质同时具备材料来源广泛、成本显著降低的优点,具备替代烤烟漂浮育苗基质的基本条件,具有一定推广价值。     

Increased production of green mussels (Perna viridis) using longline culture and an economic comparison with stake culture on the north coast of Java,Indonesia

The effectiveness of green mussel (Perna viridis) cultivation was compared between longline culture and the traditional bamboo stake method using different mussel densities in a rural area on the north coast of Java, Indonesia. The study took place in a rural area about 2 km north‐east from the city of Semarang where unsustainable shrimp and fish pond culture in the past has led to massive mangrove loss, spiralling environmental degradation and socio‐economic disintegration. Mangrove‐friendly alternatives for a sustainable socio‐economic recovery of local livelihoods are urgently being sought. Longlines were more successful than the stake method in spat collection. Longlines also showed a small but significantly higher relative weight gain and specific growth rate for mussels than bamboo stakes. Mussels in lower densities showed higher survival and grew to larger individual sizes, but initial seeding density had no significant effect on relative weight gain or specific growth rate per stocking. Slightly lower set‐up costs and time investment and somewhat higher yields for longlines give an almost twofold higher income per time unit of own time invested by the farmer for longline culture over the traditional stake culture method. The profitability of mussel culture using the stake method is below the average hourly wage for skilled labour, but above that when using the longline method. We conclude that green mussel culture using the longline system is feasible as an alternative to less sustainable forms of livelihood for the local communities in mangrove areas.     

Feeding beneficial bacteria: A natural solution for increasing efficiency and decreasing pathogens in animal agriculture

Consumer demand for natural and organic foods has risen steadily. Correspondingly, the demand for technologies to enhance animal performance through natural and organic solutions continues to increase. One such technology receiving considerable attention is the feedstuff application of live, beneficial bacteria, commonly called probiotics, but properly referred to as direct-fed microbials (DFM). The use of DFM in animal agriculture has grown continually over the last decade, yet the commercial success of DFM in poultry production to date has been limited. Overviewed here are the history, commercial applications, and research trials of DFM technology in animal agriculture as a means to gain some foresight into the future commercial use of DFM in poultry. We discuss successful probiotic trials in animal agriculture and emphasize those in poultry production that demonstrate 1) improved BW gain, 2) decreased morbidity, 3) decreased incidence of bird and human pathogens, and 4) increased economic profitability. Last, we present current and future obstacles and basic microbiological concepts that are essential for functional probiotic technologies.     

逆转座子对真核生物基因组及宿主基因表达的影响

逆转座子广泛存在于真核生物基因组中,由于其自身结构及转座的特殊性,它们对真核生物的基因及基因组的大小、结构、功能和进化都有重要影响,尤其是在基因表达调控上,逆转座子插入能够改变宿主基因(即被插入基因)转录的时间和空间模式,造成选择性拼接、形成多种转录本等多种效应。同时,逆转座子活动所造成的稳定变异为选择新的、有突破性的优良性状提供了丰富的素材,显示出其在动植物品种改良中的巨大应用潜力,用逆转座子作基因标签进行基因功能研究、开发一些新型分子标记等都已得到广泛的应用。因此,关于真核生物中的逆转座子及其对宿主基因表达影响的研究具有十分重要的理论意义和巨大的应用前景,是目前国际上生命科学领域研究的热点课题之一,本文就该领域近年来的研究进展作一概述。     

害虫生物防治新技术——载体植物系统

建立一个自我维持并可有效降低害虫种群水平的系统是害虫生物防治长期追求的理想目标。载体植物系统（banker plant system）又称开放式天敌饲养系统,是近年来开发出的一种集保护利用本地天敌、人工繁殖释放天敌以及异地引进天敌等传统技术特点为一体的新型生物防治技术。载体植物（banker plants）、替代食物（alternative foods）和有益生物（beneficial）是该系统的三个基本要素。本文对载体植物和载体植物系统概念、特点以及近年来国际上的研究进展进行了综述,并结合自身的研究实践,举例介绍载体植物系统的应用,以推动国内外对载体植物系统的研究和应用。     

甘蔗螟虫生物防治策略展望

综述了甘蔗螟虫生物防治的主要策略及研究进展,并探讨了运用RNA干扰技术防治甘蔗螟虫的新策略,为通过转基因技术创制抗甘蔗螟虫新种质提供理论参考。     

涂层处理技术在新型燕麦酸奶研制中的应用研究

应用涂层处理技术将燕麦预处理加工,开发了一种货架期内燕麦不吸水软化的新型酸奶。主要研究内容包括涂层油脂的筛选,涂层工艺的主要参数,涂层燕麦颗粒的杀菌条件及涂层处理对燕麦酸奶口感的提升。结果表明可可脂与月桂型代可可脂等比例混合物性质稳定,熔点范围窄,适合涂层燕麦;燕麦涂层加工较佳条件为:温度48℃,浸涂时间30 s,传送速度5 m/min,冷却温度16℃,涂层后谷物辐照杀菌剂量30～40 kGy。为含谷物与膨化食品的新型酸奶的开发奠定了基础。     

模拟生物质气发动机试验台架及其应用

采用一台ＲｉｃａｒｄｏＥ６可变压缩比四冲程单缸试验机为样机，配以示功图、温度、排气成分测量仪器以及自制的气体燃料混合及调节装置，组成了模拟生物质气发动机试验台架及数据测录系统．实践证明，该系统工作正常，能满足研究需要．     

马传染性贫血病毒受体选择性剪接异构体的鉴定与分析

马慢病毒受体1(ELR1)是马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)唯一受体,属于肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族。为研究ELR1 mRNA选择性剪接的状况,本研究从EIAV靶细胞的巨噬细胞中提取RNA,经RT-PCR扩增并克隆测序。结果显示,ELR1 mRNA具有不同形式的选择性剪接异构体,主要表现为插入和缺失形式。插入片段为153 bp,位于序列的786 nt～787 nt之间,而缺失型异构体丢失了ELR1序列的415 nt～478 nt。不论序列的插入或缺失,均导致该基因编码框移位。特别是插入型异构体,编码框在跨膜区之前遇到终止密码子,造成翻译的提前终止,推测产生截短的可溶性ELR1。这些剪接异构体的鉴定为研究EIAV与机体的相互作用提供了新的研究方向。     

Effects of isothiocyanates on purple (Cyperus rotundus L.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.)

Purple and yellow nutsedge are two of the most troublesome weeds in the world. In the south-eastern USA, both weeds are common in vegetable crops and are the most difficult weeds to control in this region. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the herbicidal activity of five liquid isothiocyanates (ITCs) (benzoyl, o -tolyl, m -tolyl, tert -octyl, and 3-fluorophenyl) on purple and yellow nutsedge. All ITCs were applied to soil in jars at 0, 100, 1000, 5000, and 10 000 nmol g⁻¹ of soil and sealed for 72 h to prevent gaseous losses, followed by nutsedge growth evaluations after an additional 18 days. All ITCs reduced purple and yellow nutsedge shoot density and shoot biomass over the concentrations evaluated, with differences in the effectiveness on each species apparent among the compounds. Based on the lethal concentration values for shoot density, all ITCs were more effective in suppressing purple nutsedge than yellow nutsedge. Benzoyl and 3-fluorophenyl were generally the most effective of the five ITCs evaluated.