Differences in early developmental rate and yolk conversion efficiency in offspring of trout with alternative life histories

Partial migration, in which some individuals of a population migrate while other individuals remain resident, is generally associated with ontogenetic shifts to better feeding areas or as a response to environmental instability, but its underlying mechanisms remain relatively unknown. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) exhibit partial migration, with some individuals remaining in freshwater (freshwater resident) while others undertake an anadromous migration, where they spend time at sea before returning to breed in freshwater (migrant). We reared full‐sibling groups of offspring from freshwater‐resident and anadromous brown trout from the same catchment in the laboratory under common garden conditions to examine potential differences in their early development. Freshwater‐resident parents produced eggs that were slower to hatch than those of anadromous parents, but freshwater‐resident offspring were quicker to absorb their yolk and reach the stage of exogenous feeding. Their offspring also had a higher conversion efficiency from the egg stage to the start of exogenous feeding (so were larger by the start of the fry stage) than did offspring from anadromous parents despite no difference in standard metabolic rate, maximal metabolic rate or aerobic scope. Given these differences in early development, we discuss how the migration history of the parents might influence the migration probability of the offspring.     

Growth performance,nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed graded levels of the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Wickerhamomyces anomalus

In a 10‐week study, we evaluated the effects of replacing 20%, 40% or 60% of fishmeal (present in control diet at 300 g/kg) on a digestible protein basis with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or a yeast mixture of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and S. cerevisiae on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient retention and intestinal health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Triplicate tanks with 35 rainbow trout (144.7 ± 25.1 g mean ± SEM) were fed rations of 1.5% of total biomass per tank. Replacement of 60% of fishmeal with yeast mixture resulted in lower specific growth rate of 1.0% versus 1.2%/day for other diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients for crude protein and most amino acids were highest in fish fed fishmeal‐based diet, with similar values for fish fed the diet with 20% replacement with yeast mixture. Diet with 20% replacement with yeast mixture resulted in highest phosphorus digestibility. Replacement of 60% of fishmeal with S. cerevisiae resulted in oedematous mucosal fold tips in the proximal intestine. The results of this study suggest that these yeasts can replace up to 40% of fishmeal under current inclusion levels in diets for rainbow trout without compromising growth performance, nutrient digestibility or intestinal health.     

Dietary simultaneous replacement of fish meal and fish oil with blends of plant proteins and vegetable oils in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) fry: Growth,digestive enzymes,antioxidant status and skin mucosal immunity

A 56‐day nutritional research was performed to examine the influence of alternative vegetal protein and lipid sources on performance of yellowfin seabream fry (Acanthopagrus latus) (0.5 ± 0.0 g). In this regard, five isoproteic (Ca. 500 g/kg) and isolipidic (Ca. 150 g/kg) diets were formulated in which fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) were simultaneously replaced with blends of plant proteins (PP, soybean meal and corn gluten) and vegetal oils (VO, canola and soybean oils) at 20% (SR20), 40% (SR40), 60% (SR40) and 80% (SR80) levels, respectively; meanwhile, a control diet (SR0) was formulated based on FM and FO. Growth and feed utilization were not influenced by experimental diets. The fatty acid profile of fillet drastically altered by dietary treatments. Fish fed with the SR60 and SR80 feeds had higher total protease, trypsin and α‐amylase activities than other treatments. The antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione content in liver were enhanced in fish fed with the SR40, SR60 and SR80 diets. Skin mucosal immune parameters including total protein content, alkaline phosphatase and alternative complement pathway activities in the control group were relatively lower than the vegetal treatments. According to these results, it is recommended that 410 g/kg of FM and 45 g of FO/kg can be replaced with alternative vegetal sources in diet for A. latus fry.     

Evaluation of dietary inclusion of housefly maggot (Musca domestica) meal on growth,fillet composition and physiological responses for barramundi,Lates calcarifer

The study was to evaluate the effects of dietary fish meal (FM) partially replaced by housefly maggot meal (HMM) on growth, fillet composition and physiological responses of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifera. HMM at 100, 150, 200 and 300 g kg^?1 was supplemented in the basal diet to replace dietary FM protein. Basal diet without HMM supplementation was used as control. Total of five experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile barramundi (initial weight: 9.66 ± 0.22 g) in a flow‐through rearing system for 8 weeks. Fish fed all experimental diets showed no effects (P > 0.05) on weight gain and whole body protein, lipid and moisture content. Fish fed control diet and 100 g kg^?1 HMM diet had the highest (P < 0.05) hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, followed by 150 g kg^?1 HMM group, the lowest in 200 and 200 g kg^?1 HMM groups. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value was the highest in fish fed 150–300 g kg^?1 HMM diets, followed by 100 g kg^?1 HMM group and the lowest in fish fed the control diet. Fish fed the 300 g kg^?1 HMM diet had lower plasma lysozyme activity than fish fed other diets. The results indicated that up to 300 g kg^?1 HMM can be used to substitute dietary FM protein without negative effect on growth. Although physiological responses were also considered, up to 100 g kg^?1 HMM in barramundi diet was recommended.     

旱涝交替胁迫下水稻茎节发育及其抗倒伏能力

采用盆栽试验,设置4个旱涝交替胁迫处理[旱-涝-旱连续胁迫,涝后水分自然落干,待达到水分控制下限后开始旱胁迫;分蘖期:涝为保持水深10 cm,包括轻旱(T-LD)和重旱(T-HD)2个处理;拔节期:涝为保持水深15cm,包括轻旱(S-LD)和重旱(S-HD)2个处理],并以常规灌溉(CK)为对照,研究了不同生育期(分蘖期和拔节期)旱涝交替胁迫条件下水稻茎节发育状况和茎秆抗倒伏能力,并分析了茎节、株高、倒伏指数、抗折力之间的相关关系。结果表明,旱涝交替胁迫后,拔节后期和黄熟期水稻第一、二、三茎节生长发育均受到抑制。拔节后期各处理株高显著低于CK,且第一茎节S_内较CK降低了20.84%~39.07%;而黄熟期T-LD、T-HD处理株高却超过CK,且TLD和T-HD处理第一茎节S_外、S_内均较CK显著降低,而S-HD处理第一茎节S_内较CK显著降低了69.70%,S_截较CK显著增加了34.78%。拔节后期和黄熟期水稻各茎节长度相互之间呈显著正相关(p0.01),且第二茎节长度与第三茎节相关系数最高,但各茎节长度与株高相关性较弱;另外,株高的增加不利于水稻抗倒伏。黄熟期水稻第一茎节S_外与倒伏指数显著正相关,而与抗折力负相关,第四茎节S_截与倒伏指数显著负相关,与抗折力显著正相关。第一、二茎节S_外和S_截的增加不利于水稻抗倒伏,第三、四茎节截面积的增加有利于水稻抗倒伏。     

Use of Porcine Meal in Plant‐based Practical Diets for Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Two growth trials were conducted to evaluate and confirm the efficacy of a porcine meal (PM) with high protein content (>90%) as an alternative feed ingredient in commercial‐type feed formulation for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Six experimental diets were formulated for the two growth trials. The first five diets contained increasing levels (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6%) of PM as a replacement for soybean meal in a plant‐based diet with low inclusion level (6%) of fish meal (FM). The last experimental diet was produced utilizing 4.2% PM to completely replace FM. In Trial 1, shrimp (1.5 g initial mean weight, 20 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered test diets for 6 wk in a semirecirculation system. At the end of Trial 1, shrimp fed with the diet containing 6% PM exhibited significantly enhanced weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival compared to those fed with the diet devoid of FM. As survival was poor across all treatments and different densities could mask growth results the trial was repeated. In Trial 2, shrimp (0.85 g, 15 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered diets for 6 wk. Dietary supplementation of PM at 6% significantly improved WG, FCR, and apparent net protein retention in contrast with the treatment devoid of FM, confirming the same trends in Trial 1. No significant difference was detected in protein, lipid, moisture, and mineral profiles of whole‐body shrimp as well as survival across all the treatments. Results of this study indicate that PM is a good high protein source in shrimp feeds, which can be included up to 6% in the low FM‐based diet without compromising the growth of shrimp.     

可变剪接体WNT4-β对山羊卵泡颗粒细胞增殖和激素分泌的影响

旨在研究WNT4的一个可变剪接体（WNT4-β）对山羊卵泡颗粒细胞增殖的影响。本研究选取4~6月龄健康母羊20只,采集双侧卵巢,体外分离卵泡颗粒细胞进行培养。通过免疫荧光染色技术确定WNT4-β的表达位置;在山羊颗粒细胞中过表达或干扰WNT4-β后,利用RT-qPCR、Western blot检测WNT4-β和WNT信号通路中关键标记因子ROA1、RHOA及颗粒细胞增殖标记基因cyclin-D2、CDK4的表达变化;CCK-8技术检测颗粒细胞增殖情况;并通过ELISA分析颗粒细胞中生殖激素水平的变化。免疫荧光染色结果显示,WNT4-β只在山羊卵泡颗粒细胞中表达,在卵母细胞不表达;过表达WNT4-β后,WNT4-β和颗粒细胞增殖因子cyclin-D2、CDK4的mRNA相对表达量极显著增加（P<0.01）,蛋白表达水平显著增加（P<0.05）;WNT信号通路标记因子ROA1、RHOA mRNA表达水平显著增加（P<0.05）,β-catenin蛋白表达水平显著增加（P<0.05）;干扰WNT4-β后,WNT4-β、cyclin-D2、CDK4、ROA1和RHOA 的mRNA表达显著降低（P<0.05）,WNT4-β、cyclin-D2、CDK4及β-catenin蛋白表达显著降低（P<0.05）。CCK-8结果显示,过表达WNT4-β促进颗粒细胞增殖（P<0.05）;ELISA结果显示,过表达WNT4-β后,颗粒细胞中雌二醇（estradiol,E₂）水平显著增加（P<0.05）,孕酮（progesterone,P₄）水平升高但不显著（P>0.05）;干扰WNT4-β后则结果相反,颗粒细胞增殖受到抑制（P<0.05）,E₂和P₄的水平显著降低（P<0.05）。综上所述,WNT4可变剪接体WNT4-β通过调控WNT信号通路促进山羊卵泡颗粒细胞增殖及类固醇激素分泌,本研究为解析WNT4调控山羊颗粒细胞增殖的潜在分子机制提供理论基础。     

山羊TNNT3基因可变剪切及其对骨骼肌细胞分化的作用

【目的】快速骨骼肌肌钙蛋白T(fast skeletal troponin T3,TNNT3)作为肌钙蛋白(troponin, Tn)家族成员,调节横纹肌收缩、参与骨骼肌的生长发育并影响家畜肉质性状。通过获得山羊TNNT3基因的可变剪切体,分析山羊TNNT3基因可变剪切的表达模式及其在肌细胞分化中的作用,深入解析TNNT3基因在山羊骨骼肌生长发育过程中的作用机制。【方法】基于NCBI已公布山羊TNNT3基因(NM₀01314210.1)和牛TNNT3基因(XM₀10821200)mRNA序列,使用软件Primer Premier6.0设计引物,以简州大耳羊胚胎期和出生后7个阶段骨骼肌为试验材料,克隆测序获得山羊TNNT3基因的CDS区可变剪切体,利用软件ORF Finder、EditSeq、DNAMAN、ClustalW和MEGA_X10.1.8等对序列进行生物信息学分析;进一步设计实时荧光定量(real-time PCR,RT-qPCR)及半定量引物,研究TNNT3基因剪切体在7个不同组织(背最长肌...     

旱涝交替胁迫条件下水稻叶绿素荧光特性

采用盆栽试验,设置4个旱涝交替胁迫处理(旱-轻涝-旱连续胁迫,其中分蘖期轻涝为保持水深10 cm,拔节期轻涝为保持水深15 cm):分蘖期轻旱(T-LD)、分蘖期重旱(T-HD)、拔节期轻旱(S-LD)和拔节期重旱(S-HD),并以常规灌溉(CK)为对照,研究了旱涝交替胁迫条件下水稻分蘖期和拔节期荧光特性。结果表明,分蘖期和拔节期旱涝交替胁迫均对叶绿素荧光参数产生显著影响。分蘖期第一次旱后,T-HD处理最大荧光值(Fm)比T-LD处理高16.29%(p0.05),而T-LD处理Fm则比CK降低3.44%;旱涝急转后,旱胁迫处理初始荧光值(Fo)略微低于CK,T-LD处理Fm比CK高1.98%,而T-HD处理则比CK低4.73%;第二次旱后,T-LD、T-HD处理Fo均低于CK,但PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)比CK高。拔节期第一次旱后,S-LD和S-HD处理Fo高于CK,但Fm和Fv/Fm均比CK低;旱涝急转后,S-HD处理Fv/Fm最低;第二次旱后,S-LD和S-HD处理Fo分别比CK低4.40%和3.30%,而Fm则分别比CK高出17.02%和23.87%,且Fv/Fm显著高于CK(p0.01),荧光反应得到增强。复水至拔节期,分蘖期处理叶绿素Fo呈现先降低后升高的趋势,而Fm则上下波动,随后逐渐超过CK,且Fv/Fm低于CK(除9月6日外),说明PSⅡ反应中心的活性受到持续抑制;而在灌浆期后,各处理荧光参数差异较小。