青海湖流域高寒草原对放牧时间的响应

以青海湖北岸刚察县哈尔盖镇冬春草场高寒草原为研究对象,对比研究传统放牧样地与牧草返青前-种子成熟脱落后再放牧样地中植被群落的特征变化,为缓解青海湖流域高寒草原生态退化提供新的措施.采用野外随机样方调查方法,在刚察县哈尔盖镇冬春草场选定常规放牧与牧草返青前至种子脱落后放牧试验样地进行草地群落特征数据调查.研究表明:牧草返青前-种子成熟脱落后再放牧能显著提高高寒草原群落盖度与地上生物量;同时,放牧时间改变对高寒草原植物群落伴生种组成有一定影响,主要表现为优良牧草重要值显著增加,常规放牧时间下耐牧性品种占优;此外,放牧时间改变对群落丰富度有显著影响,但对群落多样性及均匀度没有显著影响.可见,牧草返青前-种子成熟脱落后再放牧能缓解高寒草原生态退化.     

祁连山中段高山草原蝗虫与植物群落关系研究

【目的】研究祁连山中段高山草原蝗虫与植物群落之间的生态关联性。【方法】于2011-05-09,在甘肃省肃南县皇城镇周边草场中设置12块样地,在样地内采用方框取样器和样方框(1 000mm×1 000mm)对蝗虫群落和植物群落进行系统随机抽样调查,利用典型相关分析(CCA)法对蝗虫群落与植物群落的相关性进行分析,并在此基础上,用主成分分析(PCA)法对群落特征进行进一步分析与排序。【结果】①捕获蝗虫成虫3 148头,隶属6科,10属,共12种;小翅雏蝗、狭翅雏蝗、永宁异爪蝗和宽须蚁蝗为优势类群,分别占捕获成虫总数的34.78%,18.43%,14.52%,11.76%;亚洲小车蝗、红翅皱膝蝗、短星翅蝗和白纹雏蝗为常见类群,分别占捕获成虫总数的5.72%,4.94%,4.15%,3.68%;宽翅曲背蝗、李氏大足蝗、青海痂蝗和裴氏短鼻蝗为稀有类群,分别占捕获成虫总数的0.63%,0.63%,0.54%,0.22%。②CCA分析结果表明,红翅皱膝蝗、宽翅曲背蝗、亚洲小车蝗以及宽须蚁蝗、小翅雏蝗种群的发生特征与栖息地内植物群落均匀度和莎草科优势度密切相关(P0.01);PCA分析结果显示,前3个主成分分别为白纹雏蝗、亚洲小车蝗、短星翅蝗种群特征与莎草科优势度和禾本科优势度关系的综合因子,小翅雏蝗、宽须蚁蝗和狭翅雏蝗种群特征与植被群落盖度关系的综合因子以及永宁异爪蝗种群特征与植被群落垂直结构关系的综合因子。③PCA排序结果显示,12块样地可归为5个类群,不同类群中蝗虫群落丰富度、多样性、均匀性、平均密度指标的排序结果有明显差异。【结论】植物群落中,禾本科类植物为食物广谱性蝗虫提供了充足食料,莎草科、菊科等非禾本科类植物对蝗虫群落的影响,不仅在于食物资源供应方面,更多地体现在植物自身的生物学特性对蝗虫发育不同时期群落结构的影响;蝗虫自身的生活习性以及植物群落的水平、垂直结构共同影响着蝗虫对栖息地的选择。     

放牧强度对西藏高寒草甸植被群落和土壤理化性质的影响

【目的】研究放牧强度对高寒草甸植被群落和土壤理化性质的影响,为西藏高寒草甸科学放牧和退化草地生态系统的恢复提供科学依据。【方法】于2010-06-2012-08在西藏邦杰塘高寒草甸开展牦牛放牧控制试验,设置对照(零放牧)、适度放牧和重度放牧3个处理,研究不同放牧强度对植被群落丰富度、均匀度、生物量、盖度、密度、高度和土壤理化性质的影响。【结果】随放牧强度的增加,植被群落的丰富度和总盖度降低,均匀度指数和地上、地下生物量均先增大后减小;高山嵩草和紫花针茅的盖度和高度随放牧强度的增加而降低,密度增大。高寒草甸生态系统中土壤的体积质量和硬度随放牧强度的增加而增大;0~10cm土层土壤总孔隙度随放牧强度的增加而增大,10~20和20~30cm土层总孔隙度变化规律不明显;土壤含水量在0~10cm土层以适度放牧区最高,但各处理间无显著差异(P0.05);随放牧强度的增加,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮含量以及pH均显著减小(P0.05),速效钾含量在0~10和10~20cm土壤中先增加后减少,速效磷变化无明显的规律性。【结论】重度放牧是高寒草甸植被退化、土壤理化性质改变的主要因素。围栏封育可作为高寒草地植被短期恢复的最佳方式。适度放牧有利于植被群落的增多和改善土壤理化性质。     

拉萨河流域高寒湿地水质影响因子分析

西藏高寒湿地在生态平衡、生态建设和经济社会发展中发挥着重要作用。本文以西藏拉萨河流域内各个典型高寒湿地为研究对象,通过系统聚类法和综合污染指数法,对流域内各项水质指标进行综合分析和评价。结果表明:各个湿地的总N、Cu元素含量都超出了Ⅰ类水质标准;总P、Zn没有超标;Mn元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标3倍外,其他均小于国家标准;Fe元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标7倍外,其他均小于标准。总N、总P、pH值、Cu、Fe等因子对拉萨河流域内各个高寒湿地水质污染贡献最大。拉萨河水体有机污染较重,其余各个湿地有水体富营养化的趋势,同时流域内湿地独特的自然因素造成该流域内重金属污染偏高。对策建议包括应加大对城市污水的治理,加强流域内及周边矿藏资源的开发管理等。     

Taxonomic and functional macroinvertebrate diversity of high-altitude ponds in the Macun Cirque,Switzerland

1. Global environmental change is threatening freshwater biodiversity with ecological impacts predicted to be particularly severe in high-altitude regions. Despite this, an ecological understanding of high-altitude pond networks remains patchy, with only limited knowledge of the environmental and spatial predictors of taxonomic and functional diversity. Moreover, previous studies of pond ecosystems have focused primarily on taxonomic richness and largely overlooked functional diversity.
2. This study examined the influence of local environmental and spatial factors on taxonomic and functional α and β diversity (including the turnover and nestedness-resultant components) of 17 high-altitude (~2,500 m above sea level) pond macroinvertebrate communities, in the Macun Cirque, Switzerland.
3. Spatial processes (pond connectivity) were important drivers for taxonomic α diversity, while local environmental variables (pond permanence and surface area) were important determinants of functional α diversity. Species turnover was the most important component of β diversity for taxonomic composition, and functional composition demonstrated a nested spatial pattern.
4. Variation in taxonomic and functional composition (and the turnover and nestedness components of β diversity) were determined by local environmental variables despite the limited environmental gradients within the pond network. No significant effects of spatial variables on community composition were recorded for either facet of diversity, indicating that compositional variation was determined at a local scale. Water temperature, depth and pond permanence were consistently the most important measured drivers of diversity.
5. Given the importance of both spatial and environmental variables in structuring taxonomic and functional diversity, landscape-scale conservation and management activities that aim to improve or protect high-altitude freshwater biodiversity should focus on maintaining connectivity among ponds and environmental heterogeneity, particularly pond surface area, water depth, and hydroperiod. Understanding the mechanisms driving taxonomic and functional diversity will be critically important for the management and conservation of macroinvertebrate communities in high-altitude pond networks in the face of climatic warming.

     

4种花灌木乔木化育苗技术研究

为了摸索如何把花灌木育成树状小乔木的育苗技术,选择了园林常见多花的扶桑、红花夹竹桃、黄花夹竹桃、紫薇等4个树种,采用保留单一中轴主枝,并按主枝全苗、主枝中截和主枝截顶三个处理方法,通过头年密植育干,第二年疏植养干,第三年储冠的育苗技术,育成了树状小乔木,改进了育苗期整形修剪技术.进一步提高了园林观赏效果.     

灌木围障预防兔害对油松高影响研究

产生兔害的根本原因是竞争有限的空间和食物资源,灌木围障将野兔与林木隔离,不限制其在林内的活动,是一种环境友好型的林木兔害预防方法.为了掌握灌木围障对林木高的影响,研究了用沙棘、黄刺玫和其他灌木枝条围罩处理对油松高的作用.试验在当年油松定植时布设,设罩盖与不罩盖处理,5次重复,苗龄3 a,各处理300株.2006年5月定植时对处理区的油松进行测量、标记.处理后2007-2011年5月各调查1次油松高生长量.结果表明:灌木围障隔离对油松高有促长作用,且灌木篱笆促长作用优于灌木围墙.桥北灌木篱笆区定植5 a的油松综合增益指数为20.6％±1.35％,比灌木围墙处理提高了9.3％±1.90％,差异极显著(F=23.299,p=0.000).而旬邑林区两种处理间油松净高增益指数差异不显著(F=2.429,p=0.126),综合增益指数相差2.7％±1.03％.两地各处理油松净高增益大小依次为桥北篱笆＞桥北围墙＞旬邑篱笆＞旬邑围墙.随着定植年限的延长,两地油松净高增益指数有进一步扩大的趋势,油松高生长差距逐渐扩大.     

高寒草场荒漠化及其控制技术

对高寒干旱区草场荒漠化特征和引发机理的总结，查明了荒漠化草场奶穹的主要原因是气候巨变、不合理农垦、过牧及鼠害等。通过建立牧业生态户，对严重退化草场围封，进行人工补植优良牧草，灭除不可食毒、杂草，消灭鼠害，暖棚养畜；并将木本植物引入草场，设置灌木、半灌木绿篱，探求时空立体型牧场等多项试验措施。经4年治理，提出一套以牧业生态户为单元，防止高寒草场荒漠化，解决青藏高原雪灾问题的畜牧业可持续发展的路子和模式。     

东祁连山高寒草甸灌木和牧草营养成分含量季节变化动态

比较分析了高寒草甸和灌丛草甸中分布的几种优势牧草和灌木的营养成分，发现灌木蛋白质含量高，利用价值大，是一种重要的蛋白质饲草资源。     

Distribution pattern and conservation of threatened medicinal and aromatic plants of Central Himalaya,India

A study was conducted to examine the distribution pattern of four rhizomatous medicinal and aromatic plant species (MAPs) viz., Angelica glauca, Pleurospermum angelicoides, Rheum emodi and Arne- bia benthamii in different forest stands in Central Himalaya. Results show that A. glauca and P. angelicoides had a higher (50%) frequency at Chipkoan, Garpak and Phagati forest, R. emodi had a higher (60%) frequency at Rishikund, Suki and Himtoli, and A. benthamii had a higher (70%) frequency at Suki and Khambdhar The densities of A. glauca (0.6 plants·m -2 ) and P. angelicoides (0.5 plants·m -2 ) were higher at Chipkoan and Garpak sites than at other micro-sites, while densities of R. emodi (0.8 plants·m -2 ) and A. benthamii (1.0 plants·m -2 ) were higher at Suki and Khambdhar sites. A. glauca had highest total basal covers (TBC) (1.2 cm 2 ·m -2 ) at Chipkoan, P. angelicoides had highest TBC (0.92 cm 2 ·m -2) at Lati kharak site, A. benthamii had the highest TBC (6.48 cm 2 ·m -2 ) atKhambdhar, and R. emodi had highest TBC (4.53 cm 2 ·m -2 ) at Rishikund. For the four studied species, A. glauca showed a contagious distribution, P. angelicoides and R. emodi showed the random and A. benthamii showed the regular type of distribution.