Comparison of dot blot and PCR diagnostic techniques for detection of white spot syndrome virus in different tissues of Penaeus monodon

Comparison of PCR and dot blot diagnostic techniques for detection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was made on different tissues of infected Penaeus monodon including eye stalk, eye stalk with eye, gills, cuticle, pleopod, periopods, uropods and telson. Dot blots of crude DNA extracted from infected tissue samples showed positive reactions with all the samples; however, the sensitivity of the dot blot was reduced with the purification of DNA samples extracted from pleopod, telson and uropod. PCR was found to be more sensitive when compared to dot blot. Both crude DNA and purified DNA samples extracted from all the tissues except for eye stalk with eye showed single step nested PCR positive reaction. The amplification of all or either of the three bands of 941 bp, 525 bp and 204 bp size varied with the tissues analysed. The severity of infection assessed by PCR amplification was found to be maximum in cuticle and telson followed by gill. Other tissues such as eye stalk, pleopod, periopods and uropod were observed to have mild infection. The maximum intensity of the PCR product was for the smallest amplified product of 204 bp followed by 525 bp and the weakest intensity was observed for the 941 bp size. The limitation of PCR due to inhibiting factors present in tissues could be overcome with the use of dot blot which gave positive reaction from the DNA extracted from eye stalk including the eye but yielded no amplification by PCR.     

显微注射生长激素基因导入中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）受精卵的研究

本实验采用显微微量注射方法，交羊生长激素基因导入中轻地虾受精卵，受精卵发育到蚤状幼体第三期后采样检测。ＰＣＲ检测结果表明：７个样品共９３尾幼体，有３个样品呈出阳性信号，基因转移比率至少在３％以上。同时斑点杂交结果也证明有两个明显阳性斑点。     

碳酸盐碱度胁迫下凡纳滨对虾基因的差异表达

以广盐性养殖的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,采用抑制消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)和定量PCR的方法,研究其在高碳酸盐碱度胁迫下转录组水平的基因表达差异,以期从基因组水平研究对虾对高碳酸盐碱度胁迫的适应机制。结果表明,以高碳酸盐碱度(20 mmol/L)胁迫第4天凡纳滨对虾鳃组织和低碱度(2 mmol/L)对照组鳃组织为材料,通过斑点杂交筛选,发现鳃组织中有158个克隆子表达上调,291个克隆子表达下调。挑选150个高表达差异的克隆子进行测序,获得100个序列,其中50个得到成功注释。经过GO分析,这些注释的差异基因主要分为8大类群,其中碳酸酐酶基因(CA)、Na+-K+-ATPase基因(NKA-α)等与离子调控相关的基因表达量上调,而溶菌酶基因等与先天免疫相关的基因表达量下调,这些结果表明高碳酸盐碱度胁迫下,凡纳滨对虾以增加离子调控的方式进行酸碱平衡的调控,同时其免疫功能受到抑制。此外,还对CA和NKA-α两个基因在鳃和触角腺中的时空表达规律进行了研究,发现高碳酸盐碱度胁迫9 d过程中,两个基因在鳃组织中的表达均呈现先高表达后回落的现象,而在触角腺中NKA-α基因则一直维持较高表达水平,说明CA和NKA-α基因在凡纳滨对虾高碳酸盐碱度适应离子调控中起着关键作用,同时还发现除了鳃组织之外,触角腺同样参与了调控。本研究从转录水平初步筛选了高碳酸盐碱度胁迫下凡纳滨对虾的表达差异基因,探索了凡纳滨对虾的耐盐碱机制,对培育适于盐碱地水产养殖的优良品种有着重要的意义。     

Using genetic methods for analysis of fish meals and feeds employed in Greek mariculture

Large quantities of high protein fish meals are needed to sustain cultured species and thus the impact to marine ecosystem has been highly discussed. The aim of this study was to apply a PCR‐cloning methodology for a robust insight into the composition of commercial fish meals and feeds for farmed species of the Greek mariculture, assessing the risk posed by aquaculture to marine ecosystems but also the risk posed by commercial fish feeds to the increase in trophic level of species farmed in Greece. 89% of the sequences were identified to species level and only 11% to genus/family level. Overall, a total of 49 taxa were identified (44 fish species/taxon, five non‐fish species/taxon). Even though small pelagic fish like Engraulis sp. were the main portion, a wide range of species constituted the fish meals and feeds. Plant and animal species were also detected as an alternative protein source. Feed products employed in Greek mariculture still contain large portions of fish meals which increase the mean trophic level of farmed species causing a farming up trend. The results emphasize that such molecular methodologies are needed to certify aquafeeds allowing fish feed producers to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable aquaculture.     

巢式PCR法鉴定猪早期胚胎性别的研究

根据猪SRY基因序列设计合成2对巢式PCR引物作为性别鉴定引物,根据猪β-珠蛋白基因序列设计了一对引物作为内标引物建立了猪胚胎性别鉴定的PCR反应体系。公猪可以扩增出187bp的SRY基因片段和255bp的β-珠蛋白基因片段,母猪只能扩增出255bp的β-珠蛋白基因片段。由于巢式PCR只需3～8个细胞就可以在紫外灯下看到扩增结果,而常规PCR则需要较多的细胞,所以胚胎性别鉴定时使用巢式PCR效果更好。     

Assessment of gut microbiota in different developmental stages of Malaysian Mahseer (Tor tambroides)

Malaysian Mahseer (Tor tambroides) has a good prospect for aquaculture because of its high market demand. However, there is a scarce information on gut microbiota associated with Malaysian Mahseer unlike other fish species. Therefore, we constructed and compared gut microbiota in different developmental stages (larval, juvenile, fingerling, yearling, and adult) using culture dependent and PCR‐DGGE fingerprinting technique for better understanding of gut microbiota composition associated with T. tambroides. Culturable gut microbiota composition in all developmental stages were composed of β‐ and γ‐Proteobacteria, and Bacilli. Biodiversity analysis of culturable gut microbiota showed that larval, juvenile, and adult stages have higher diversity than fingerling and yearling stages. Ward's linkage cluster analysis showed that culturable gut microbiota composition in larval and juvenile stages were close to adult stages, whereas fingerling and yearling stage composed same cluster. PCR‐DGGE fingerprinting technique showed that unculturable gut microbiota were constituted by α‐and γ‐Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Ward's linkage cluster analysis showed that unculturable gut microbiota composition in both larval and juvenile stages were distinct from other developmental stages. Our results revealed that gut microbiota composition were varied in different developmental stages of Malaysian Mahseer and continuous shifts of gut microbiota from larval to adult stages.     

微囊藻和小球藻携带WSSV量的变化及对水体游离WSSV的影响

研究了铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和蛋白核小球藻（Chlorellapyrenoidosa）携带白斑综合症病毒（whitespotsyndromevirus,WSSV）数量变化及对水体游离WSSV量的影响。试验设置微藻高、低密度组和不加微藻的对照组,分别加入等量的WSSV粗提液,于第2、第24、第72和第120小时以实时荧光定量PCR检测藻液上清和沉淀藻体的WSSV数量。结果表明,微囊藻和小球藻可携带少量WSSV,且随时间延长而减少;微囊藻携带WSSV量与其细胞数呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）,小球藻携带WSSV量与其细胞数相关性不显著（P〉0．05）;2种微藻均有促进水体WSSV数量消减的效果,且小球藻的消减效果优于微囊藻,对养殖对虾白斑综合症（whitespotsyndrome,WSS）的生态防控更有积极意义。     

大鲵虹彩病毒TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

利用PCR技术扩增出大鲵虹彩病毒(giant salamander iridovirus, GSIV)主要衣壳蛋白(MCP)编码区长度为1 392 bp 的片段, 克隆到 pMD19-T载体上, 构建重组质粒 pMD19-T-MCP。经PCR鉴定确认正确后, 以10倍梯度稀释 pMD19-T-MCP重组质粒, 作为标准模板进行 TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR扩增, 制作标准曲线, 建立了大鲵虹彩病毒的 TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。制作的标准曲线有极好的线性关系, 且线性范围宽, 相关系数为0.990 19。组内重复试验的CT值标准偏差为0.52%。检测结果显示, 该方法对大鲵虹彩病毒的检测有高度的特异性, 与锦鲤疱疹病毒、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌、嗜水气单胞菌以及鲤上皮瘤细胞基因组DNA之间均无交叉反应, 特异性好, 检测总DNA灵敏度为10个病毒核酸分子拷贝数, 约1.1×10-3 pg/μL病毒核酸, 较之常规PCR的敏感度高出约1 000倍。研究建立的大鲵虹彩病毒TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR方法灵敏度高、特异性强, 对大鲵虹彩病毒病的快速诊断与病毒病原定量检测有重要意义。     

脊尾白虾不同发育期mtDNA拷贝数变化特征分析

为了解脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)在不同发育期线粒体基因组(mtDNA)拷贝数的变化特征,本研究共采集其8个时期(受精卵期、溞状幼体Ⅰ期、溞状幼体Ⅱ期、溞状幼体Ⅲ期、溞状幼体Ⅳ期、溞状幼体Ⅴ期、仔虾期和成虾期)的DNA样品,利用TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR技术,对上述各发育期单个细胞中的mtDNA拷贝数进行了测定。检测结果显示,脊尾白虾受精卵期、溞状幼体Ⅰ期、溞状幼体Ⅱ期、溞状幼体Ⅲ期、溞状幼体Ⅳ期、溞状幼体Ⅴ期、仔虾期和成虾期的mtDNA拷贝数的均值分别为2366、2648、2644、2873、3559、9948、6452和8872。进一步统计分析结果显示,mtDNA拷贝数与发育时间存在正相关性,相关系数为0.83。研究表明,随着脊尾白虾不断生长,其单个细胞中mtDNA拷贝数总体呈上升趋势。     

半滑舌鳎创伤弧菌分离鉴定及其荧光定量PCR方法的建立

为确定患病半滑舌鳎的病原,从其体内分离到3株革兰氏阴性菌,将其分别命名为ST-1、ST-3和ST-6,进行细菌理化特性、药敏试验、16S rDNA测序以及组织病理学观察等方面的研究,并建立了外膜蛋白(OMP)基因的SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果显示,3株分离菌株的理化特性符合创伤弧菌特征,16S rDNA与创伤弧菌标准菌株ATCC29307序列相似性达99%以上,系统发育树分析显示,3株分离株与创伤弧菌自然聚为一支,最终鉴定为创伤弧菌;药敏试验显示,3株菌对头孢克肟、头孢哌酮、链霉素、亚胺培南和氟苯尼考等药物高度敏感。人工回归感染试验表明,分离株具有致病性,且半滑舌鳎、斑马鱼的临床症状与自然患病鱼症状相似;组织病理学观察显示,鳃丝上皮细胞增生,鳃小片肿胀黏连、颗粒细胞和黏液细胞增多,肝脏中央静脉淤血,肾脏出血、坏死,肠道黏膜固有层萎缩、黏液细胞增多等。进一步建立OMP基因的荧光定量PCR方法,结果显示,标准曲线的相关系数为0.995,检测下限为1.88×10~2 CFU/mL。以上结果可为半滑舌鳎弧菌病的致病机理、分子诊断和防治提供科学参考。