大庆市碱草草原土壤呼吸的日变化研究

采用碱液吸收法对大庆市碱草草原土壤呼吸速率进行了测定.测定结果表明:土壤呼吸的一天中变化比较明显,呈现双峰型曲线.自然状态下碱草草原土壤呼吸速率的年平均值为401.40 mg·m-2·h-1.     

高寒草原不同种草方式对流动沙丘植被恢复的影响

[目的]研究种草方式对流动沙丘植被恢复效果的影响,为高寒草原沙化土地治理提供技术支持.[方法]在甘肃省玛曲县流动沙丘,设置不同播种方式、不同草种和不同种草模式试验,分析不同种草方式对植被恢复的影响.[结果]撒播和条播对植被恢复无显著影响.总体上草种对植被恢复影响不大,流动沙丘植被恢复中只需种植垂穗披碱草(Elymus ...     

开垦草地对土壤有机碳库构成与来源的效应

以广西西北部喀斯特地区的开垦草地生态系为对象,研究了草地开垦变为不同农田后对土壤有机碳库的效应。结果表明,草地开垦为农田后,土壤可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳及总有机碳的含量显著下降。自然草地开垦后,柑桔地土壤有机碳含量高于农作用地土壤。玉米与甘蔗轮作土壤有机碳含量高于甘蔗连作。13C示踪结果表明,柑桔地土壤有机碳中来源于草地的含量高于农田土壤;农田土壤有机碳中来源于草地的随种植年限的增加而降低。在玉米与甘蔗轮作的农田中,土壤有机碳中来源于玉米的高于甘蔗连作土壤有机碳中来源于甘蔗的。     

国内外草地改良技术与机具研究进展

我国草地资源丰富,但退化情况严重,对退化草地实施改良是我国畜牧业持续发展的迫切要求。国外对退化草地多采取松土、免耕补播等方式进行改良,注重水肥综合利用。所使用的机具以减少土壤扰动、增加土壤透气、透水性以及大型化为主要特点。我国"十一五"期间研发了几种新型草地改良机械,研发的机具既满足了改良的工艺与农艺要求,也融入了保护性改良的先进理念。为此,通过总结国内外最新草地改良技术与机具的发展状况,指出改良过程中保护土壤和脆弱的草地植被系统,是我国未来草地改良技术及机械的发展趋势。     

MODIS/FAPAR在呼伦贝尔草原区的精度验证与分析

验证MODIS/FAPAR产品在温性草原地区的精度,以提高NPP估算精度,为区域碳平衡监测及合理安排草地畜牧业生产提供服务。该文选取两块2 km×2 km温性草甸类草地设计和进行FAPAR实测试验。以分辨率为32 m的北 京-1号卫星遥感数据对样地进行异质性分析,然后进行尺度上推,利用地面实测数据对1km的MODIS/FAPAR草原地区产品进行验证。结果表明,在草地生长季,MODIS/FAPAR产品的草地FAPAR季节变化与实测FAPAR季节变化趋势基本一致,但总体要比实测FAPAR要高,针茅样地MODIS/FAPAR值比实测值要高约13.7%,羊草样地为18.7%。MODIS/FAPAR算法对于局部区域过于粗糙,对草地类型多样的中国来说,需更多的野外试验资料,以反演适合不同草地类型的FAPAR算法。     

人工草地土壤水系统动力学模型与过耗恢复预测

针对黄土丘陵沟壑区人工草地深层土壤水分严重亏缺问题,首次利用系统生态原理及计算机仿真手段,初步建立休闲草地土壤水分系统动力学模型,提出长历时（多年）,大厚度（5m）土壤水分动态仿真和模型参数获取有效方法,预测特定地区（宁夏固原上黄试区）休闲草地不同水文年型深层土壤水分恢复年限.     

从无定河流域“94·8·4”暴雨洪水看林草措施的减蚀作用

典型调查表明,在无定河流域绥德县80年—遇日降雨量120多mm条件下,林草措施具有显著的减蚀作用:农坡地一次降雨侵蚀模数达36660t/km~2,而一般草地侵蚀模数为5000～12000t/km~2,草地减少侵蚀70%～90%;坡度35°、被覆度70%的林地,加上工程整地措施,侵蚀模数为2000～5000t/km~2,减少侵蚀85%～95%;在相同自然条件下,林地减水效益为27.5%,减沙效益为47.7%,在有整地措施条件下,林地径流量较自然荒坡减少42.2%～77.1%.     

北方典型草原水土保持生态修复技术

北方典型草原由于气候特点及超载过牧等不合理的草地利用方式,使该区域水土流失严重,草场沙化退化面积不断扩展。草地生态环境恶化,不仅使当地畜牧业发展受到限制,而且使京津地区生态环境受到严重的影响。因此,在分析该区域基本情况和生态现状的基础上,提出草地水土保持生态修复思路:建立水—草—畜平衡发展体系;充分发挥大自然的自我修复能力;转变畜牧业生产经营方式;坚持“小开发、大保护”;加大水土保持生态建设的力度。并提出了北方典型草原水土保持生态修复的主要技术及综合配套措施,为今后水土保持生态修复工作提供一定科学依据。     

Soil properties and the macrofauna community in abandoned irrigated rice fields of northeastern Argentina

This study compared soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between natural grassland and recently abandoned rice fields in order to identify those variables that might explain the observed increase of Camponotus punctulatus anthills in abandoned rice paddy fields from Northern Argentina. Mainly due to a reduction of macropores and mesopores, overall porosity decreased by around 6% and bulk density was about 7% greater, in the 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm layers of the abandoned rice fields. Carbon and nitrogen content from organic matter increased (29% and 41% respectively for the 0- to 20-cm horizon) during cultivation but decreased (38% and 24%) 2 years after the last rice harvest. Forty percent of natural grassland-organic matter and 30% of abandoned rice-organic matter mineralized in less than 2 years. There was a different community structure between the abandoned rice fields and the undisturbed natural grassland and only a 20.6% (i.e. only 19 species from a total of 92) overlap in species composition. The abundance of macrofauna was greater in abandoned rice fields (2,208 individuals m^–2) in comparison to natural grasslands (288 ind m^–2) due to higher densities of small earthworms and Camponotus punctulatus ants; however, the Shannon index showed lower values in comparison to natural grasslands. Earthworms and C. punctulatus in the abandoned rice fields showed a change in their ¹³C signature indicating a switch in diet from natural grassland organic matter (C4) to organic matter from rice (C3). Our results indicate that the effects of rice cultivation practices did not seem to produce any physical or trophic limitations to recolonization by the macrofauna. It seems that changes in overall soil conditions have favored a change in the construction behavior of C. punctulatus which, in combination with population increases, could explain the explosion in number of anthills.