Comparative Pigmentation Efficiency of High Dietary Levels of Apo-Ester and Marigold Extract on Quality Traits of Whole Liquid Egg of Two Strains of Laying Hens

This trial was carried out to compare the effect of the dietary supplementation of high doses of either synthetic pigment ethyl ester of β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid (apo-ester) or natural pigments, mainly lutein and zeaxanthin, extracted from Tagetes erecta, on egg quality of hens laying brown shell eggs (ISA Brown) and white shell eggs (Hy-Line White W-36). The hens of each strain were divided into 6 groups and fed a corn-soybean basal diet supplemented either with 40, 60, and 80 ppm of apo-ester (APO) or with 120, 180, and 240 ppm of marigold extract (MAR). Egg pigmentation rose linearly and significantly (P < 0.01) as the dietary levels of apo-ester increased, but this did not occur when MAR supplementation was used. The amount of β-carotene equivalents in whole liquid egg of MAR treatments was almost constant with varying pigment dietary dose and was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in APO treatments. In both hen strains, whole liquid egg redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) were higher with APO supplementation. The egg component weights were highly affected (P < 0.01) by the hen strain, with yolk:egg ratio higher in the Hy-Line. The trial confirms that in spite of the higher level of MAR supplementation, APO has a better efficiency in whole liquid egg pigmentation. The ISA Brown hens showed a better ability to absorb dietary carotenoids than did the Hy-Line White.     

锰缺乏对蛋鸡生殖性能的影响

父母代罗曼蛋鸡４８只，随机分两组，低锰（基础日粮含锰１２．０４ｍｇ／ｋｇ）和补锰对照日粮（基础日粮＋锰８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）试验期３２周，饲喂至５～８周时，少数缺锰雏鸡出破跛行和跟腱滑脱，锰缺乏时，对蛋鸡生殖性能的影响主要表现为；缺锰公鸡睾丸较小，曲细精管生殖上皮分化较迟，缺锰母鸡产蛋率较低（Ｐ〈０．０５），蛋黄锰含量极显著低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１），母鸡血清中促卵泡素和公鸡睾酮含量，缺锰鸡均显著或极显     

育成期饲粮代谢能水平对开产时如皋黄鸡生长发育的影响

本试验旨在研究8～18周龄饲粮代谢能(ME)水平对8周龄至开产时(20周龄)如皋黄鸡生长性能以及屠体、内脏器官、鸡冠、骨骼、消化道和繁殖器官发育的影响。试验选用8周龄体况良好、体重接近的如皋黄鸡360只,随机分成3组,每组8个重复,每个重复15只鸡。8～18周龄,试验鸡分别饲喂ME水平为10.88、11.30和11.72 MJ·kg^-1、其它营养素水平相同的试验饲粮,18周龄～开产(20周龄),各组试验鸡均饲喂相同营养水平的预产期试验饲粮。试验期12周。结果表明：1)随8～18周龄饲粮ME水平增加,蛋鸡18周龄体重、8～18周龄平均日增重(ADG)和平均日代谢能摄入量(MEi)均显著线性增加(P<0.05),8～18周龄和8～20周龄料重比(F/G)和粗蛋白质转化比(CPCR)均显著线性减小(P<0.05)。2)8～18周龄饲粮ME水平对18和20周龄如皋黄鸡屠体、内脏器官和消化道发育均无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)18周龄蛋鸡胫骨重和胫骨率均随8～18周龄饲粮ME水平增加先减小后增加(P<0.05)。8～18周龄饲粮ME水平对18周龄鸡冠和股骨以及20周龄鸡冠、胫骨和股骨发育均无显著影响(P>0.05)。4)18周龄蛋鸡卵巢基质指数和小黄卵泡指数均随8～18周龄饲粮ME水平增加显著线性增加(P<0.05),8～18周龄饲粮ME水平对18周龄其它繁殖器官以及20周龄各繁殖器官发育均无显著影响(P>0.05)。由此可知,8～18周龄饲粮ME水平为11.72 MJ·kg^-1时,能显著增加18周龄体重和8～18周龄ADG,改善8～18周龄F/G和CPCR,促进卵巢基质和小黄卵泡发育,但饲粮ME水平对开产时(20周龄)蛋鸡生长发育指标均无显著影响。本研究表明,将蛋鸡育成期和预产期结合研究具有更重要的实践意义。     

伊犁鹅产蛋前后各期卵巢转录谱的构建及卵泡发育相关基因的分析

【目的】构建产蛋前后各期伊犁鹅卵巢转录组文库,结合生物信息学分析揭示不同产蛋期伊犁鹅卵巢组织差异表达基因,并鉴定出影响鹅卵巢发育的关键基因,为伊犁鹅的繁殖调控提供理论参考。【方法】选择处于开产期（KL组）、产蛋期（CL组）及休产期（XL组）的伊犁鹅各4只,屠宰后取其卵巢组织,用于构建卵巢转录组文库。通过新基因挖掘、基因差异表达、基因注释以及蛋白互作网络分析筛选出与鹅卵泡发育相关的候选基因;随机挑选8个差异表达基因,应用实时荧光定量PCR验证其表达情况。【结果】伊犁鹅卵巢组织学结果表明,在开产期时,伊犁鹅卵巢表面有大量初级卵泡,而产蛋期卵巢则显示出卵泡的层级性,在休产期卵巢中可观察到卵泡出现向内凹陷、闭锁的现象。通过转录组测序（RNA-Seq）,从构建的12个伊犁鹅卵巢cDNA文库中获得有效读数57 811 186~85 328 377条,Q30值均>93.38%,每个样品所产的测序读数于鹅参考基因组上的比对率在82.79%~89.24%。在卵巢中注释的新基因共有1 112个,单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点总数为1 642 273~2 425 069个;SNP和插入缺失（InDel）均主要注释于内含子区域;各时期的可变剪切类型主要集中为最后1个外显子可变剪切（TSS）及第1个外显子可变剪切（TTS）。在KL vs CL、XL vs CL及XL vs KL组中分别有337、1 136和525个差异表达基因,共有差异表达基因为α2A肾上腺素能受体（ADRA2A）、表皮蛋白（CP）、非转移性黑色素瘤糖蛋白B （GPNMB）及α-1-抗胰蛋白酶样（LOC106033756）。GO功能富集分析发现,差异表达基因主要富集在肽基酪氨酸磷酸化的正调控、细胞黏附及质膜外侧等过程。KEGG通路富集分析发现,差异表达基因主要显著富集于神经活性配体-受体相互作用、ECM-受体相互作用及类固醇生物合成等。结合蛋白互作网络分析,筛选到与鹅卵巢发育相关的潜在调控因子Bruton’s酪氨酸激酶（BTK）、血小板源性生长因子受体α（PDGFRA）、整合素β3（ITGB3）等。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,RNA-Seq结果准确可靠。【结论】本研究揭示了产蛋前后各期伊犁鹅卵巢组织中的基因表达差异,筛选到影响伊犁鹅卵巢发育的神经活性配体-受体相互作用、ECM-受体相互作用、类固醇生物合成等重要通路与BTK、PDGFRA和ITGB3等关键候选基因,为了解鹅卵巢组织调控产蛋性能的分子机制提供了理论支撑。     

昆明市云南松梢木蠹象危害情况调查

云南松梢木蠹象(Pissodes sp.)主要危害云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)幼树,目前仅在昆明市嵩明县大哨乡海拔2 200～2 600m范围内的云南松纯林以及混交林幼林中发生.通过3年的调查,基本掌握了该虫的危害程度及危害特点.调查结果表明大哨乡云南松梢木蠹象危害严重时期松林受害面积达351hm2,其补充营养株率、枝干受害株率、危害指数分别为90.5%、37.1%、42.1%;枝干受害株率和危害指数与该虫补充营养株率之间存在明显相关性.     

紫苏籽提取物对蛋鸡产蛋高峰后期生产性能、生殖激素及免疫功能的影响

为了探讨在饲粮中添加不同水平紫苏籽提取物对蛋鸡产蛋高峰后期生产性能、生殖激素及免疫功能的影响,本试验选用体重、产蛋率基本一致的48周龄海兰褐蛋鸡480只,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%的紫苏籽提取物,试验期30 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%紫苏籽提取物均能降低料蛋比,但差异不显著(P0.05),4组间日均采食量、破软蛋率无显著差异(P0.05),添加0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率和日均产蛋量(P0.01);2)与对照组相比,添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡血清中孕酮(第15天)和雌二醇(第15和30天)的含量(P0.01),添加0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著降低蛋鸡血清中睾酮含量(P0.01);3)与对照组相比,添加0.01%、0.02%、0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡血清中白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量(P0.01),添加0.02%、0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡血清中免疫球蛋白G(Ig G)含量(P0.01),添加0.03%紫苏籽提取物能极显著提高蛋鸡血清中免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)含量(P0.01)。由此可知,饲粮中紫苏籽提取物添加水平为0.03%时,能极显著提高蛋鸡产蛋高峰后期产蛋率、日均产蛋量和免疫功能。     

临武鸭产蛋高峰期蛋氨酸需要量的研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮蛋氨酸水平对30~38周龄临武鸭生产性能、蛋品质和血清生化指标的影响,以确定临武鸭产蛋高峰期蛋氨酸的需要量。选取体重相近、健康状况良好的临武鸭200羽,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复8只鸭。饲粮蛋氨酸水平分别为0.27%、0.32%、0.37%、0.42%、0.47%,试验全期63 d。结果显示:1)饲粮蛋氨酸水平对产蛋率和合格蛋率无显著影响(P0.05)。0.37%、0.42%、0.47%组的平均日采食量和料蛋比均显著低于0.27%组(P0.05),而0.37%组的平均蛋重和日产蛋量显著高于0.27%组(P0.05)。0.37%组获得了除合格蛋率外最佳的产蛋性能。2)饲粮蛋氨酸水平对蛋鸭蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄色泽、蛋黄比例、蛋壳比例、蛋白比例的影响均不显著(P0.05),但0.42%组蛋白高度和哈氏单位最大且显著高于0.27%和0.32%组(P0.05)。3)饲粮蛋氨酸水平对蛋鸭血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮、尿酸和丙二醛含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。与0.27%组相比,其他4组的血清超氧化物歧化酶活性显著提高(P0.05),0.37%、0.42%、0.47%组血清谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性均显著高于0.27%组(P0.05)。4)以作为评价蛋氨酸需要量敏感指标的料蛋比和血清中GSH含量为依据,通过回归分析估测得到产蛋高峰期临武鸭获得最小料蛋比和最大GSH含量所对应的饲粮中蛋氨酸需要量分别为0.41%和0.43%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,当蛋氨酸水平为0.41%~0.43%时,产蛋高峰期临武鸭可获得最佳产蛋性能、蛋品质和血清生化指标。因此30~38周龄临武鸭蛋氨酸推荐量为0.41%~0.43%。     

Modeling amino acid requirements of poultry

Poultry nutritionists should constantly evaluate their feeds and feeding programs in view of the changes that continue to be made to the potential growth rate of broilers and egg production in laying hens with the objective of providing the birds with the optimum economic level of nutrients at all times. In this review, the models generated at Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal, to estimate the optimum intake of amino acids (AA) for broilers and laying hens are presented. These models were used to estimate the variation in AA intake within a broiler population making use of coefficients of variation that represent the real situation in a commercial broiler operation. The range of AA intakes obtained was compared to some commonly applied feeding programs and recommendations. Based on results of our developed models and other feeding programs, feeds were formulated and growth was predicted using a growth simulation model (Avinesp). The prediction of growth showed that these models are reliable and useful tools to assist the nutritionists in decision making. In a study with laying hens, the Reading model (RM) was used to establish optimum economic AA intakes in a flock of hens. The input variables were the means and standard deviations of egg output and BW, and the relationship between the marginal cost of the AA and the marginal revenue for eggs. Based on this model, the optimum intake of each AA can vary with each of the variables considered. The models proposed in our study enable important decisions to be made regarding AA intakes to be used to obtain optimum economic performance from a population of broilers and laying hens.     

玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加不同植酸酶对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质及钙磷代谢的影响

选取720只24周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为8个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。8个处理分别为正对照组(PC)饲喂有效磷为0.36%的正常基础日粮,负对照组(NC)饲喂有效磷为0.16%的低磷日粮,其余试验组是在NC组日粮基础上分别添加两种植酸酶A或B各125、250、500 U/kg。其中植酸酶A是从大肠杆菌中提取,植酸酶B是从里氏木霉中提取。试验期为12周。结果表明:与PC组比较,NC和B500组产蛋率、平均蛋重和日采食量显著降低(P0.05),其他各添加植酸酶组恢复到PC组水平,各添加植酸酶组料蛋比和蛋品质无显著变化(P0.05);与PC组相比,NC组胫骨灰分、胫骨磷和血浆磷含量显著降低(P0.05),添加2种植酸酶组(除B500组外)恢复到PC组水平,B500组血浆磷含量显著低于PC组(P0.05),各试验组胫骨钙含量和血浆钙含量与PC组无显著差异(P0.05)。结果提示,低磷玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加2种植酸酶都能够缓解低磷引起的负效应,但2种植酸酶的最佳添加量不同,本试验条件下日粮中添加125 U/kg的植酸酶B或250 U/kg的植酸酶A都能满足蛋鸡对无机磷的需求。     

Effect of yeast with bacteriocin from rumen bacteria on laying performance,blood biochemistry,faecal microbiota and egg quality of laying hens

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of yeast with bacteriocin from Ruminococcus albus 7 (albusin B) on physiological state and production performance of laying hens. One hundred and twenty 26‐week‐old Single Comb White Leghorn (Hyline) laying hens were assigned into five groups including: (i) control group, (ii) yeast control (YC), (iii) 0.125% yeast with bacteriocin (0.125B), (iv) 0.25% yeast with bacteriocin (0.25B) and (v) 0.5% yeast with bacteriocin (0.5B). All supplements were added to the experimental diets of the hens from 26 to 46 weeks of age. Samples were collected every 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein for blood biochemical parameters assay, and faecal samples were collected by swab for the microbiota test. The egg production performance was recorded daily, and fresh eggs were collected for quality test. The blood biochemical assay results indicated that the addition of yeast with bacteriocin decreased the AST (aspartate aminotransferase) activity and it also affects the lactate concentration in laying hen blood. The result of egg quality indicated that yeast with bacteriocin supplementation had no effect on the mass of yolk and the strength of eggshell, but it had positive effect on the laying performance under hot environment. Low concentration bacteriocin (0.125B) supplementation could decrease total yolk cholesterol. The faecal microbiota result indicated that the supplementation of bacteriocin increased the lactobacilli counts. The yeast with bacteriocin supplementation significantly decreased the clostridia counts under hot environment condition, especially in hens receiving 0.25B. Combining the data from clinic chemistry, faecal microbiota, egg production and egg quality, the 0.25B supplementation may result in the best physiological parameter and egg production performance of laying hen.