热应激环境下育成鸡肠道菌群多样性及黏膜结构的相关性分析

为分析热应激环境下育成鸡肠道菌群以及黏膜结构的变化,揭示热应激下家禽肠道中正常菌群定植与黏膜结构变化的相关性,选取健康状况相似的10周龄日照琅琊鸡96只,设适温对照组((24±1)℃,Ⅰ)和高温组((38±1)℃),随机分在2个人工环境气候舱中饲养,试验期为14d。采用16SrDNA PCR-DGGE技术,分析热应激处理后1d(Ⅱ)、7d(Ⅲ)和14d(Ⅳ)时十二指肠、空肠及回肠部位内容物细菌群落多样性以及组织黏膜形态变化、肠黏膜上皮内杯状细胞数量。结果表明:热应激持续时间越长,对回肠部位菌群影响越大,Ⅲ组十二指肠与回肠部位优势细菌菌群组成分离明显;Ⅳ组十二指肠、空肠与回肠部位优势细菌菌群组成具有明显差异。不同热应激时段在空肠部位可检测到罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)、螺旋链霉菌(Streptomyces spiralis)、Plebeius杆菌属细菌(Bacteroides plebeius strain)和嗜酸乳杆菌(L.acidophilus),而回肠部位可检测到拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)和不可培养的细菌等;Ⅲ组十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛长度、宽度、隐窝深度及绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)均发生了明显的变化,各肠段的绒毛长度均明显下降,其中回肠绒毛长度减少最为显著(P0.05);十二指肠、空肠隐窝深度及V/C均出现明显下降(P0.05),各肠段肠壁厚度均显著比对照组低(P0.05)。Ⅲ组空肠和回肠内杯状细胞的数量明显减少,其中回肠差异显著(P0.05)。结果显示,热应激对育成鸡各肠段细菌菌群组成的影响很大,并且黏膜组织结构发生了明显变化,从而破坏消化道菌群平衡,导致消化吸收功能严重受阻。     

Effects of time and concentration on mortality of phosphine-resistant Sitophilus oryzae (L) fumigated with phosphine

The effects of exposure period and phosphine concentration on mortality of susceptible and resistant Sitophilus oryzae (L) were investigated. Although S oryzae is one of the world's most serious pests of stored grain there are few data on the practical significance of phosphine resistance in this species. The strains investigated were an Australian susceptible strain, a homozygous resistant strain exhibiting a level of resistance common in Australia and an unselected field strain from China with a much stronger resistance. Fumigations were carried out at 25 degrees C on adults and mixed-age cultures. For adults of all three strains and mixed-age cultures of the susceptible and resistant Australian strains, the relationship between concentration and time could be described by equations of the form Cnt = k. In all cases n < 1, indicating that time was a more important variable than concentration. In all fumigations of adults the resistant strains were harder to kill than the susceptible strain. However, in fumigations of mixed-age cultures, which contained the tolerant pupal stage, the difference between susceptible and resistant strains was more pronounced at lower concentrations than higher concentrations. For example, at 0.02 mg litre-1 the estimated LT99.9 for mixed-age cultures of the Australian resistant strain (27 days) is 3.4 times that of the susceptible strain (8 days), but at 1 mg litre-1 there is no difference between the two strains (4 days). Limited data on the Chinese resistant strain supported this finding. Twenty-three days exposure at 0.02 mg litre-1 had no effect on mixed-age cultures of this strain, but there were no survivors after 5 days exposure to 1 mg litre-1.     

三江源区高寒草甸草场放牧牦牛采食量的测定

试验选用约2．5岁公牦牛8头，在三江源地区玉树县的高寒草甸草场，应用4N盐酸不溶灰分法（4N—AIA）和木质素标记物法测定了不同物候期（青草期和枯黄期）放牧牦牛日采食量及牧草营养成分的消化率。结果表明：2．5岁牦牛在青草期、枯黄期的100kg体重日采食量分别为3．69kg和2．96kg，差异极显著（P〈0.01）；其不同物候期的千物质消化率分别为65．70％、61．72％（P〉0．05），粗蛋白的消化率为62．25％、39．00％（P〈0．01），粗脂肪为49．36％、58．18％（P〈0．05），ADF的消化率为57．88％、62．67％（P〉0．05），NDF的消化率为69．09％、79．38％（P＜0．01）。     

鲁西黄牛体细胞克隆保种技术的研究

以体外培养的鲁西黄牛耳皮肤成纤维细胞作核供体，研究利用体细胞克隆技术保存我国地方黄牛优良品种的技术方法。通过组织块培养法建立的鲁西黄牛（1♂，4♀）成纤维细胞系，作为核移植供体细胞，利用屠宰场母牛卵巢卵母细胞经体外培养成熟后作为核受体进行核移植，试验结果表明：重构胚的融合率为62．5％（242／387），分裂率为63．6％（154／242），体外培养第7天囊胚发育率为42．9％（66／154）。体外培养第7天的囊胚的内细胞团细胞（ICM）与滋养层细胞数平均为37和47，ICM占44．2％。体外发育到7d的囊胚新鲜胚胎的移植妊娠率（新鲜胚胎）移植受体10头，60d妊娠率为20％（2／10）。     

Histological investigation of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) development in resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars

The wheat cultivar Kariega expresses complete adult plant resistance against stripe rust, whereas cv. Avocet S is susceptible. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, initial fungal penetration into flag leaves was identical in both cultivars, with directional germ-tube growth towards stomata that were penetrated without the formation of an appressorium, followed by differentiation of a substomatal vesicle, infection hyphae, haustorial mother cells and haustoria. During the following 4 days, further fungal development occurred more quickly in the resistant than in the susceptible cultivar. However, by 7 days postinoculation (dpi) the situation changed, with exponential growth of the pathogen occurring only in the susceptible line. Induced cellular lignification, a typical defence reaction of cereals, was observed at 4 dpi in the resistant cultivar, and 2 days later lignified tissue completely surrounded the fungal colonies. In the susceptible cultivar, isolated lignified host cells occurred at 6 dpi, and long, unbranched fungal hyphae outgrowing the resistance reaction were observed.     

Mutants in wheat showing multipathogen resistance to biotrophic fungal pathogens

Five fast-neutron-derived mutants were isolated from the wheat line Hobbit 'sib' that show enhanced field resistance towards Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici , the causal agent of yellow rust. Subsequent testing showed the yellow rust resistance phenotypes to differ between mutants, to be expressed at different growth stages and, in some cases, to show an isolate interaction. Three mutants, I3-48, I3-49 and I3-54, exhibited an enhanced yellow rust resistance phenotype from the third seedling leaf onwards, while mutants I3-27 and I3-30 did not show an altered yellow rust phenotype until later growth stages. Additional resistance for brown rust (causal agent Puccinia triticina ) was identified in mutants I3-27, I3-30, I3-48 and I3-49, and for powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici in mutants I3-27, I3-30, I3-48 and I3-54, although in some cases the resistance was isolate-specific.     

成体干细胞的研究现状与展望

近年来，干细胞特有的生物学特性及其潜在的生物医学应用价值使之成为生命科学领域最热点、最前沿的课题之一。随着对干细胞研究的不断深入，人们发现成体干细胞除了具有较强的自我更新、高度增殖和多向分化潜能外还具有分化方向的可塑性。作者根据国内外研究成果，综述了成体干细胞的“可塑性”研究的最新进展，以及成体干细胞可塑性研究的前景及存在的主要问题。     

枯叶蛱蝶非滞育成虫和越冬成虫脂肪含量变化

为系统了解枯叶蛱蝶Kallima inachus Doubleday滞育特性，利用重量法，测定了非滞育成虫和越冬成虫不同时期脂肪含量。结果表明，非滞育成虫脂肪含量在0．0363～4．7493mg／g之间；越冬期间脂肪含量在4．479～32．6927mg／g之间。越冬成虫脂肪含量相对较高，初期存在积累，较高的脂肪含量有利于枯叶蛱蝶的顺利越冬。     

光肩星天牛成虫发生期及种群数量变动规律研究

本文对利用诱饵树法预测光肩星天牛成虫发生期进行了研究。光肩星天牛种群发生数量与杨树品种、树龄及天气积分指数有密切关系。露伊莎杨上的卵量分别为Ｉ－２１４杨和Ｉ－６９杨的２．７倍和１４．５倍。Ｉ－６９杨３年一树上的一为５年生树的８倍。低龄幼虫越冬前的存活率与６－９月份的天气积分指数呈正相关。光肩星天牛种群数量的消长规律，初步认为为５ａ一个周期。     

云南松纵坑切梢小蠹成虫扬飞期测报研究

１９９２～１９９４年在玉溪市刺桐关林区对云南松纵坑切梢小蠹成虫进行了系统的调查。据系统观测，成虫梢转干历期约１４３天；干转梢历期约为１２９天；梢转干的高峰期为每年的１月２４日～２月１０日，计１８天，期间累计成虫数占总虫数的６６．６５％；干转梢高峰为每年的５月５～２５日，计２１天，期间累计成虫数占总虫数的６４．５６％。为便于监测测报，对成虫梢转干、干转梢过程中当地林木相应的物候期进行了观察