梅花鹿肾上腺组织学研究

取梅花鹿的肾上腺,做常规石蜡切片,进行H.E染色、组织学观察.结果表明,肾上腺的组织结构分为被膜、皮质和髓质.被膜由不规则致密结缔组织构成,其内分布有类似未分化的细胞,并偶见少量平滑肌纤维.皮质最厚,明显分为3个带,即球状带、束状带、网状带,其中束状带最厚,占皮质的绝大部分.髓质位于肾上腺中央部位,细胞排列成索状或团块状,髓质中央有一大的静脉,称为中央静脉.     

Mycobacterium goodii infection in a dog with concurrent hyperadrenocorticism

Abstract A 9-year-old Boston terrier was diagnosed with multifocal, nodular panniculitis caused by an organism belonging to the Mycobacterium smegmatis group by histological evaluation and bacteriological identification. The mycobacterial species was identified by direct gene sequence analysis and confirmed to be Mycobacterium goodii. Treatment using doxycycline and ciprofloxacin was successfully implemented for the mycobacterial panniculitis over a period of 9 months. Concurrent pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease) was also identified using routine diagnostic methods and mitotane therapy was implemented. There was follow-up for 14 months after cessation of antimicrobial therapy with no recurrence of mycobacterial infection. Although cutaneous infections are frequently recognized as complications of canine pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, concurrent mycobacterial panniculitis due to any rapidly growing mycobacterium has not previously been reported. This is the first confirmed case of mycobacterial panniculitis due to M. goodii infection in a dog and also the first of any rapidly growing mycobacterial infection in a dog with concurrent endogenous Cushing's disease.     

可修正跟踪精度的低成本全天候太阳跟踪控制系统研制

为了降低太阳跟踪系统的成本和复杂程度,以模拟电路及光电转换原理为基础,研制了一种跟踪精度可调整的全天候太阳跟踪控制系统和T-L型太阳方位探测器,并通过光斑检测试验,对该系统的跟踪性能进行了分析,试验方法是将底部带小孔的一次性纸杯粘贴在带无数同心圆的纸上,将纸固定在双轴跟踪支架上,进而观察光斑在同心圆上的位置随时间的变化。研究结果表明:该系统的跟踪精度与太阳辐射强度有关,太阳辐射强度越大跟踪精度越高,太阳辐射强度越小跟踪精度越差,一天中的最小跟踪精度可达0.14°。该系统适合于对跟踪精度要求不是特别苛刻,并且对跟踪控制系统有廉价要求的场合,为太阳跟踪控制系统的普及奠定基础。     

弱相依序列最大值的几乎处处中心极限定理

设{εi}i^∞=1 为弱相依平稳随机变量序列,{un}为给定的实数序列,在条件D’（un）和D2（{uk,un}）之下,研究了弱相依序列最大值的几乎处处中心极限定理．     

Foetal development of endocrine organs in dog

The canine adenohypophysis starts to be identifiable from 25 day of pregnancy. ACTH-immunoreactive cells migrate until day 38 after which the number of ACTH-producing cells increases but their distribution does not change. The STH- and LH-producing cells first appear on day 38 of pregnancy. The primordium of the adrenal glands appears as a slender structure on day 27 and forms the definitive cortical structure on day 35. The histological pattern of the foetal adrenal cortex differs from the post-natal structure in so far as the three cortical zones (definitive zone, transitional zone and foetal zone) extend from the outside towards the inside of gland. The mass of foetal and neonatal adrenals is more than 10 times larger than the adult adrenals relative to body weight. The cortisol concentration in the amnion is slightly lower than in the allantois but the foetal serum cortisol concentration is significantly higher than in the maternal and foetal fluid compartments. The thyroxine concentrations in the allantois and amnion fluids exceed the foetal serum concentrations except in the ninth week of pregnancy, but thyroxine levels in foetal fluids and serum are below the physiological levels of adult animals. The exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas develop and act in parallel. Pancreatic cells are first detected at 30 days when the branched structure is clearly detectable immunohistochemically, and at that time, insulin-positive β-cells and α-cells are visible as well. The foetal serum glucose concentration exceeds the healthy adult range, but the glucose concentration in the allantois and amnion fluid remains below the physiological blood glucose concentration of mature dogs. The insulin concentration in the allantois fluid greatly exceeds the foetal serum and amnion insulin concentrations.     

4-硝基苯酚对大鼠肾上腺皮质孕酮分泌的影响

[目的]设计体内体外试验研究环境内分泌干扰物4-硝基苯酚(4-nitrophenol,PNP)对雄性大鼠肾上腺皮质孕酮分泌的影响.[方法]体内试验采用24只SPF级雄性未成年SD大鼠,随机分为4组,连续2周皮下注射(剂量为0、0.1、1.0和10.0 mg·kg-1的PNP).最后一次注射24 h后称体质量,然后麻醉处死,收集血液及各脏器,以备测定;为进一步确定PNP对肾上腺皮质孕酮分泌的影响,体外试验利用肾上腺皮质细胞原代培养,细胞贴壁后用不同浓度的PNP(0、101、10-5和10-4 mol· L-1)培养24h.[结果]体内试验结果显示:0.1和1.0 mg·kg-1 PNP处理组大鼠脾脏质量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),但是体质量及其他脏器质量和脏器指数均无显著性差异(P＞0.05);10.0 mg·kg-1组大鼠血清睾酮水平显著升高(P＜0.05),而孕酮水平显著降低(P＜0.05),雌二醇水平差异不显著(P＞0.05);光学显微镜组织学检查未发现注射PNP组肾上腺皮质形态异常,但RT-PCR结果显示10.0 mg·kg-1 PNP处理大鼠肾上腺中StAR、P450scc和P450c17 mRNA表达显著增加(P＜0.05),而3β-HSD mRNA表达显著降低(P＜0.05).体外试验结果显示:与对照组相比,注射PNP组培养液中孕酮水平显著降低(P＜0.05).[结论]4-硝基苯酚可能主要通过影响肾上腺类固醇合成酶的表达来影响肾上腺皮质孕酮的分泌功能.     

The interrelation between temperature regimes and fish size in juvenile Atlantic cod (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gadus morhua</Emphasis>): effects on growth and feed conversion efficiency

The present paper describes the growth properties of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) reared at 7, 10, 13 and 16 °C, and a group reared under “temperature steps” i.e. with temperature reduced successively from 16 to 13 and 10 °C. Growth rate and feed conversion efficiency of juvenile Atlantic cod were significantly influenced by the interaction of temperature and fish size. Overall growth was highest in the 13 °C and the T-step groups but for different reasons, as the fish at 13 °C had 10% higher overall feeding intake compared to the T-step group, whereas the T-step had 8% higher feeding efficiency. After termination of the laboratory study the fish were reared in sea pens at ambient conditions for 17 months. The groups performed differently when reared at ambient conditions in the sea as the T-step group was 11.6, 11.5, 5.3 and 7.5% larger than 7, 10, 13 and 16 °C, respectively in June 2005. Optimal temperature for growth and feed conversion efficiency decreased with size, indicating an ontogenetic reduction in optimum temperature for growth with increasing size. The results suggest an optimum temperature for growth of juvenile Atlantic cod in the size range 5–50 g dropping from 14.7 °C for 5–10 g juvenile to 12.4 °C for 40–50 g juvenile. Moreover, a broader parabolic regression curve between growth, feed conversion efficiency and temperature as size increases, indicate increased temperature tolerance with size. The study confirms that juvenile cod exhibits ontogenetic variation in temperature optimum, which might partly explain different spatial distribution of juvenile and adult cod in ocean waters. Our study also indicates a physiological mechanism that might be linked to cod migrations as cod may maximize their feeding efficiency by active thermoregulation.     

CONTRAST‐ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL CANINE ADRENAL GLAND

Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography is useful in differentiating adrenal gland adenomas from nonadenomatous lesions in human patients. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the feasibility and to describe contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography of the normal canine adrenal gland. Six healthy female Beagles were injected with an intravenous bolus of a lipid‐shelled contrast agent (SonoVue^®). The aorta enhanced immediately followed by the renal artery and then the adrenal gland. Adrenal gland enhancement was uniform, centrifugal, and rapid from the medulla to the cortex. When maximum enhancement was reached, a gradual homogeneous decrease in echogenicity of the adrenal gland began and simultaneously enhancement of the phrenicoabdominal vessels was observed. While enhancement kept decreasing in the adrenal parenchyma, the renal vein, caudal vena cava, and phrenicoabdominal vein were characterized by persistent enhancement until the end of the study. A second contrast enhancement was observed, corresponding to the refilling time. Objective measurements were performed storing the images for off‐line image analysis using Image J (ImageJ^©). The shape of the time–intensity curve reflecting adrenal perfusion was similar in all dogs. Ratios of the values of the cortex and the medulla to the values of the renal artery were characterized by significant differences from initial upslope to the peak allowing differentiation between the cortex and the medulla for both adrenal glands only in this time period. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography of the adrenal glands is feasible in dogs and the optimal time for adrenal imaging is between 5 and 90 s after injection.     

Effect of intracerebroventricular injections of prolactin‐releasing peptide on prolactin release and stress‐related responses in steers

Some evidence suggests that there might be a species difference in the effect of intracerebroventricularly administered (ICV) prolactin‐releasing peptide (PrRP) between rodents and sheep. We compared the levels of cortisol (CORT) and prolactin (PRL), rectal temperature (RT) and behavioral responses to ICV bovine PrRP (bPrRP) in steers. ICV bPrRP (0.2, 2 and 20 nmol/200 µL) tended to evoke a dose‐related increase in CORT concentrations and 0.2 nmol of bPrRP induced transient increase in PRL concentrations. A significant time–treatment interaction was observed for the percent change of CORT (P < 0.05) and PRL (P < 0.05) from pre‐injection value. The time–treatment interaction for changes in RT was not significant (P = 0.50). There tended to be a difference among the four treatments in terms of maximum change in RT from the pre‐injection value between 0 and 90 min (P < 0.1). Stress‐related behavioral signs were not observed in the present experiment. These findings indicate that ICV bPrRP increased CORT and PRL levels, suggesting that central PrRP might participate in controlling the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal axis and PRL release in cattle, unlike sheep. In contrast, central PrRP is unlikely to be involved in controlling the behavior of this species because ICV bPrRP did not induce marked changes in their behavior.