耕作模式对土壤生物活性与养分有效性及冬小麦产量的影响

为探讨长期玉米秸秆还田下不同耕作模式对土壤生化性状及冬小麦产量的影响,从2011年10月至2016年6月连续5个冬小麦生长季进行田间定位试验。设4个耕作处理,分别是连续旋耕秸秆不还田(RT)、连续旋耕秸秆还田(RS)、连续深耕秸秆还田(DS)及前2年旋耕秸秆还田第3年深耕秸秆还田(TS)。与RT相比,连续5年秸秆还田显著提高0~10、10~20和20~30 cm土层土壤有机碳、无机氮、速效磷、速效钾含量;土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶和蔗糖酶活性及土壤微生物多样性分别提高23.1%~59.3%、13.2%~40.7%、14.1%~28.8%、10.9%~19.5%和31.9%~42.5%。秸秆还田使各土层变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门及放线菌门的相对丰度显著提高,而酸杆菌门相对丰度则显著降低。与DS及TS相比,RS显著提高0~10 cm土层土壤养分状况及生物活性,10~30 cm土层则显著降低。连续旋耕至第3年,无论秸秆还田与否,小麦均表现减产;DS与TS处理则表现持续增产,平均年增产3.2%和3.9%。本研究表明在黄淮海东部地区,秸秆还田条件下,2年旋耕后接1年深耕的耕作模式有助于改善耕层土壤质量和提高冬小麦生产力。     

牛角瓜根的抑菌活性研究

以牛角瓜根为实验材料,采用索氏提取法,以4种不同溶剂(石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、甲醇)对牛角瓜的根进行提取,并采用纸片琼脂扩散法对粗提物的抑菌活性进行了评价,供试菌包括白色念珠菌等6种真菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等7种细菌。结果表明:石油醚粗提物对枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉菌、大肠埃希氏菌都表现出良好的抑菌活性,且抑菌效果接近或优于阳性对照氟康唑,对尖孢镰刀菌和鲍曼不动杆菌也表现出良好的抑菌活性;氯仿粗提物对白色念珠菌及粪链球菌表现出良好的抑菌活性;乙酸乙酯粗提物对粪链球菌表现出最好的抑菌活性;甲醇粗提物的抑菌活性较弱。     

鸡粪及其配施尿素对甜瓜香味物质、酶活性及基因表达的影响

为了探讨鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施对薄皮甜瓜果实香气物质合成及关键酶的影响,以薄皮甜瓜"DX108"为试材,以尿素为氮源的处理作为对照(CK),研究等量氮素条件下,鸡粪及其与尿素配施处理对甜瓜果实香气物质以及相关酶活性变化的影响,并分析了乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)和醇酰基转移酶(AAT)基因的表达水平。结果表明:不同处理对薄皮甜瓜香气物质合成、相关酶活性以及关键酶基因表达的影响存在明显差异;尿素处理促进了甜瓜果实中C6和C9醇醛类化合物的合成,而鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施提高了成熟果实中酯类物质含量和种类,尤其是乙酸酯类含量;鸡粪配施尿素处理提高了花后35 d甜瓜果实中非乙酸酯类物质含量,且是尿素处理花后35 d甜瓜果实中非乙酸酯类物质含量的3.1倍,还检测到了尿素处理果实中没有检测到的特征性酯类物质;鸡粪和鸡粪配施尿素处理提高了花后25～30 d果实中LOX酶、氨基转移酶、ADH酶以及AAT酶活性,降低了花后35 d果实中ADH酶活性,抑制了30 d后果实中CmADH1和ADH2的基因表达,而促进了CmAAT1和CmAAT3基因表达。由此可知,鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施有可能是通过调节果实不同发育期香味物质合成途径中关键酶活性的协调变化以及关键酶基因表达,影响了果实香气物质的合成,尤其是酯类物质的合成。     

锡林郭勒草原植被覆盖度时空动态与影响因素分析

以MODIS地表辐射率数据对内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒草地进行研究,分析了2001—2013年生长季(4—10月份)草甸草原、典型草原、沙地草原和荒漠草原4种草地类型植被覆盖度(fv)的时空变化特征,用变异系数(C_v)衡量各类草原f_v的变化程度,并结合气象和放牧数据分析气候变化和人类活动(放牧)对草地f_v的影响。结果表明,在不同年份各类型草原f_v均表现为由东向西递减的规律,同类型草原年际间fv呈不显著波动变化。研究区多年f_v的Cv结果表明有78.66%地区属脆弱和很脆弱水平,其中典型草原和沙地草原属脆弱级别,而荒漠草原属很脆弱级别,只有草甸草原属稳定级别。降水量对f_v的影响较大,呈显著正相关关系;而温度对fv的影响较小,呈不显著负相关关系;牲畜养殖数量对f_v影响较大,锡林郭勒盟草原的适宜综合牲畜养殖数量为39只/km~2(以标准羊计)。     

Effects of three soil tillage systems on some biological activities in an Ultisol from southern Chile

Intensive tillage for annual crop production may be affecting soil health and quality. However, tillage intensity effects on biological activities of volcanic-derived soils have not been systematically investigated. We evaluated the effects of three different tillage practices on some biological activities of an Ultisol from southern Chile during the third year of a wheat–lupin–wheat crop sequence. Treatments were: no tillage with stubble burning (NTB), no tillage without stubble burning (NT) and conventional tillage with disk-harrowing and stubble burning (CT). Biological activities were evaluated in winter and summer at 0–200 mm and at three soil depths (0–50, 50–100 and 100–200 mm) in winter. Total organic C and N were significantly higher under no-tillage systems than CT. In general, NT increased C and N of microbial biomass in comparison with CT, especially in winter. Microbial biomass C was closely associated with microbial biomass N (r = 0.986, P < 0.05); acid phosphomonoesterase (r = 0.999, P < 0.05); β-glucosidase (r = 0.978, P < 0.05), and others. Changes in biological activities occurred mainly in the upper soil layer (0–50 mm depth) in spite of the short duration of the experiment. Biological activities could be used as practical biological indicators to apply the more appropriate management systems for increasing soil sustainability or productivity.     

Hydrolase activity, microbial biomass and community structure in long-term Cd-contaminated soils

Long-term effects of high Cd concentrations on enzyme activities, microbial biomass and respiration and bacterial community structure of soils were assessed in sandy soils where Cd was added between 1988 and 1990 as Cd(NO₃)₂ to reach concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.36 mmol Cd kg⁻¹ dry weight soil. Soils were mantained under maize and grass cultivation, or ‘set-aside’ regimes, for 1 year. Solubility of Cd and its bioavailability were measured by chemical extractions or by the BIOMET bacterial biosensor system. Cadmium solubility was very low, and Cd bioavailability was barely detectable even in soils polluted with 0.36 mmol Cd kg⁻¹. Soil microbial biomass carbon (B_C) was slightly decreased and respiration was increased significantly even at the lower Cd concentration and as a consequence the metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was increased, indicating a stressful condition for soil microflora. However, Cd-contaminated soils also had a lower total organic C (TOC) content and thus the microbial biomass C-to-TOC ratio was unaffected by Cd. Alkaline phosphomonoesterase, arylsulphatase and protease activities were significantly reduced in all Cd-contaminated soils whereas acid phosphomonoesterase, β-glucosidase and urease activites were unaffected by Cd. Neither changes in physiological groups of bacteria, nor of Cd resistant bacteria could be detected in numbers of the culturable bacterial community. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the bacterial community showed slight changes in maize cropped soils containing 0.18 and 0.36 mmol Cd kg⁻¹ soil as compared to the control. It was concluded that high Cd concentrations induced mainly physiological adaptations rather than selection for metal-resistant culturable soil microflora, regardless of Cd concentration, and that some biochemical parameters were more sensitive to stress than others.     

Soil moisture pre-treatment effects on enzyme activities as indicators of heavy metal-contaminated and reclaimed soils

Heavy metal contamination can inhibit soil functions but it is often difficult to determine the degree of pollution or when soil reclamation is complete. Enzyme assays offer potential as indicators of biological functioning of soils. However, antecedent water content of soil samples may affect the outcome of biological measurements. In Mediterranean regions, for much of the year ‘field moist’ surface soil can have water content similar to that of air-dry samples. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the sensitivity of a range of enzyme assays to detect the degree of pollution from a heavy metal mine spill; (2) evaluate rewetting field-dry soil as a pre-treatment for enzyme assays; and (3) test multivariate analysis for improving discrimination between polluted, reclaimed and non-polluted soils. The Aznalcóllar mining effluent spill provided a unique opportunity to address these objectives. This accident released toxic, heavy metal-contaminated (As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Pb, Tl, Zn…) and acid tailings into the Guadiamar watershed (SW Spain) in 1998, severely affecting the riparian zone along more than 4000 ha. Contaminated soils were collected from the highly polluted upper watershed and less polluted lower watershed along with reclaimed soil at both sites. Enzyme activities (phosphatases, arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase, urease and dehydrogenase) were assessed on both field-moist samples and soils rewetted to 80% of water-holding capacity and then incubated at 21 °C for 7 d prior to the assay. The reclaimed soils had higher activities than polluted soils but, typically, 1.5-3 times lower levels of activity than the non-polluted soil. Regardless of the moisture pre-treatment, all enzymes showed significant effects due to pollution, with urease and β-glucosidase showing the greatest discrimination between degrees of contamination. In general, rewetting field-dried soils increased activities on non-polluted and reclaimed soils which improved discrimination with polluted soils. Another method to increase the potential of soil enzyme activities to detect soil contamination could be to combine them in multivariate analysis, which provides a more holistic representation of the biochemical and microbial functionality of a soil.     

基于动力学模型的人口与淡水资源问题研究

世界淡水资源正面临着空前的危机,研究人口、经济和淡水资源的关系是世界面临的重大课题.从系统动力学出发,建立了人口与淡水资源二元非线性动力模式,并进行了平衡态分析,研究结果表明:(1)淡水资源承载力的提高将使淡水资源总量保持在较低水平上,平衡态人口数量线性增加;在保持淡水资源承载力不变的情况下,将迫使人口总量非线性减少;(2)无节制的灌溉面积扩张、工业盲目发展以及持续加速的水污染,都将导致平衡态淡水资源和人口总量的减少,并对全球淡水生态系统造成无法估量的影响;(3)人口-淡水资源系统的可持续发展,必须建立在     

盐胁迫对枸杞叶片糖代谢及相关酶活性的影响研究

试验研究盐胁迫对枸杞叶片糖代谢及相关酶活性的影响结果表明,随NaCl浓度升高和处理时间的延长,枸杞叶片多糖和可溶性糖含量显著增加(P<0.05),蔗糖含量呈上升趋势,而淀粉含量显著下降(P<0.05),还原糖含量呈下降趋势。随NaCl浓度的增加,枸杞叶片中中性转化酶活性显著降低(P<0.05);3g/kg、6g/kg NaCl处理对酸性转化酶活性影响较小,3g/kg NaCl处理降低蔗糖合成酶而对蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性基本无影响;6g/kg NaCl处理蔗糖合成酶活性随时间先降后升,而对蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性影响较小;但9g/kg NaCl处理显著降低酸性转化酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性(P<0.05)。     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡土壤脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性初步研究

研究了珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区沿绒布河谷海拔4400～5550m的夏季土壤中水解酶类脲酶、中性磷酸酶活性,并探讨了这两种土壤酶与土壤有机质和海拔高度的相互关系。结果表明:(1)随着海拔升高,土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶活性呈高低波动变化,在研究区域出现多个峰值,总的趋势是上升的,其最大值分别出现在海拔5500m和5450m处。(2)偏相关分析表明,土壤脲酶活性与有机质含量呈正相关,土壤中性磷酸酶活性与有机质含量呈显著正相关;土壤脲酶活性与海拔的相关性不具显著性意义,中性磷酸酶活性与海拔呈极显著正相关。