上海典型区域散养鸡鸭组织器官中有机氯农药的残留水平及来源解析

分析了上海淀山湖地区和金山第二工业区附近散养鸡、鸭组织器官中有机氯农药(Organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)的含量水平,并探讨了其组成特征和来源。所研究的21种有机氯农药在样品中不同程度地检出,其中滴滴涕及其同系物(DDTs)、六六六四种同分异构体(HCHs)、六氯苯(HCB)和五氯苯甲醚(PCA)在所有样品中检出,它们在鸡、鸭组织器官中的含量分别为1.1~28、0.51~2.9、0.18~3.5和0.010~0.35 ng·g-1 ww(湿重)。DDTs是最主要的有机氯农药残留物,在大部分样品中主要以4,4′-DDE的形式存在,而金山第二工业区鸭的组织器官中DDTs的主要形式为2,4′-DDT,推测可能与该区域鸭所生活的水体环境中有三氯杀螨醇的污染有关。HCHs同分异构体在不同地区鸡鸭组织器官中的组成特征不同,淀山湖地区的样品中HCHs同分异构体主要为β-HCH,且α-HCH和γ-HCH所占比例相差不大;金山第二工业区的样品中α-HCH、β-HCH和γ-HCH的残留水平相差不大,推测该研究区域的HCHs残留很有可能来自林丹的使用。除上述几种物质,其他有机氯农药在样品中的残留水平较低,在组织器官中的分布没有表现出明显差异。     

THE FORECASTING MODEL AND ITS USE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ZONES

The model for forecasting the development of the Science and Technology Development Zones(STDZ) and the High Technology Industry Developrhedt Zones (HTIDZ) is created with the help, of the forecasting theory and technology in system engineering, A scheme for handling the dynamic variables in the model is proposed. The development targets of the Chongqing Shapingba Science and Technology Development Zone in the coming six years are forecasted .by using the model. The model can be used widely to forecast the development of STDZ and HTIDZ and other similar social and economical systems.     

低碳经济和土地集约利用的脱钩分析体系研究——以江苏省昆山经济开发区为例

低碳经济已经成为应对全球气候变化的必然选择。为深入分析低碳经济发展对土地集约利用水平的影响,引入了Tapio脱钩指标评价手段,选取了反映低碳经济和土地集约利用发展情况的评价指标用于定量分析,在此基础上构建了低碳经济和土地集约利用的脱钩分析体系。以江苏省昆山经济开发区为例,研究了该地区低碳经济和土地集约水平两者的脱钩关系,并进一步进行脱钩关系分析。结果表明:昆山经济开发区2004—2009年低碳经济和土地集约利用水平一直处于强脱钩状态,低碳经济和土地集约利用两者的发展存在着显著的正相关关系,低碳经济的增长十分有效地促进了土地集约利用水平的提高。说明低碳经济和土地集约利用可以实现有效结合,共同发展的局面,研究结果可为地区经济发展规划提供借鉴。     

“开发扶贫、生态建设”试验区土地集约利用评价研究——以毕节市为例

通过对毕节市土地集约利用状况的调查,构建了适合"开发扶贫、生态建设"试验区土地集约评价的指标体系,采用层次分析和建设用地增长弹性系数分析相结合的方法对试验区土地集约利用进行了评价。结果表明,试验区在国家和地方各项方针政策以及经济发展的引导下,土地利用正朝着健康、集约的方向发展。     

Interactions between protected areas and their surroundings in human-dominated tropical landscapes

Protected areas (PAs) often depend on landscapes surrounding them to maintain flows of organisms, water, nutrients, and energy. Park managers have little authority over the surrounding landscape although land use change and infrastructure development can have major impacts on the integrity of a PA. The need for scientifically-based regional-scale land use planning around protected areas is acute in human-dominated landscapes to balance conservation goals with livelihood needs for fuelwood, fodder, and other ecosystem services. As a first step, we propose the designation of a “zone of interaction” (ZOI) around PAs that encompasses hydrologic, ecological, and socioeconomic interactions between a PA and the surrounding landscape. We illustrate the concept by delineating the ZOI in three Indian PAs - Kanha, Ranthambore, and Nagarahole - using remote sensing, population census, and field data. The ZOI in Ranthambore is three times the size of the park and is largely defined by the socioeconomic interactions with surrounding villages. Ranthambore is located in headwaters and wildlife corridors are largely severed. In Nagarahole, the ZOI is more than seven times larger than the park and includes upstream watershed and elephant corridors. Kanha’s ZOI is approximately four times larger than the park and is mostly defined by contiguous surrounding forest. The three examples highlight the differing extents of ZOIs when applying equivalent criteria, even though all are located in densely-populated landscapes. Quantitative understanding of which activities (e.g. collection of forest products, grazing, road construction, tourism development) and which locations within the ZOI are most crucial to conservation goals will enable improved land use planning around PAs in human-dominated landscapes.     

区域农业科学院科技支撑潍坊国家农业开放发展综合试验区的思考 ——以潍坊市农业科学院为例

潍坊市农业科学院是潍坊农业科技研发和推广的前沿,是当地农业科技成果创新的重要力量,是提供农业社会服务的重要组成部分.潍坊国家农业开放发展综合试验区(以下简称"农综区")是乡村振兴的试验区、先行区,是新技术、新成果转化的"样板间".文章阐述了区域农业科研机构与农综区建设对接具备的优势、对接的主要内容,并从加强对接交流、深...     

Species composition and diversity of fish larvae in the Subtropical Convergence Zone of the Sargasso Sea from morphology and DNA barcoding

Specific regions of otherwise oligotrophic oceans seem to attract fish spawning and sustain significant abundances of fish larvae. The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre is known as the spawning area of the Atlantic eels, but numerous other fish species also spawn in the area. In order to evaluate spatial variability of larval fish in the region, we examined species diversity, composition and abundances at eight stations in the Subtropical Convergence Zone (STCZ) using morphological identification and DNA barcoding. From a total of approximately 3500 specimens collected, at least 154 species from 50 families could be identified. The family Myctophidae had the highest species richness, with at least 32 species represented. The myctophids Lepidophanes gaussi, Bolinichthys indicus, Notolychnus valdiviae and Ceratoscopelus warmingii were the four most abundant species. Other common species included the three eels: Nemichthys scolopaceus, Ariosoma balearicum and Anguilla anguilla. Larval fish species composition differed substantially between the relatively closely spaced stations on either side of prominent hydrographic fronts in the study area, presumably because of the strong environmental gradients. Common eel species were concentrated between the fronts whereas common myctophids were of highest abundance at the outer edges of the fronts. The abundances of most species were generally enhanced in the vicinity of the fronts. The use of combined morphological and DNA‐barcoding identification methods facilitated species identification, and we could document substantially higher levels and a larger degree of spatial variability in species diversity of fish larvae than previously shown for oligotrophic ocean areas.     

典型网纹红土结构土壤细菌群落及其生态网络特征

我国亚热带地区红壤下部的网纹红土通常被认为是第四纪古气候和古环境变化的记录载体。迄今为止，对土壤细菌群落在土壤结构体尺度上的分异特征及其影响因素了解甚少。作为红壤关键带地下结构的重要组成部分，网纹红土独特的红-白相间的土体结构可能引起土壤细菌群落在其上的差异分布。阐明网纹红土结构土壤细菌群落特征对探索红壤关键带深部生态系统的生物多样性和多功能性具有重要的生态学意义。本研究以典型网纹红土结构体为研究对象，将其拆分为红色基质和白色网纹两部分，利用16S rRNA高通量测序分析红/白部分细菌群落与细菌生态网络的特征。结果表明，网纹结构体红白部分细菌群落结构差异显著，红色基质部分放线菌门和厚壁菌门等细菌显著富集；白色网纹部分酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门等细菌相对丰度显著富集。细菌生态网络分析结果表明，白色网纹部分的细菌网络节点和连线较多，聚类系数较低，说明白色网纹部分细菌之间相互作用关系更复杂。典范对应分析表明，网纹结构体环境异质性造成了细菌群落在网纹红白部分的差异分布。其中质地是决定细菌群落及其生态网络差异最重要的环境因子.此外,在网纹的红色基质部分，矿质养分的含量与细菌群落的组成密切相关。