黄土高原地区生态淤地坝效益分析探讨——以陕西延安地区为例

淤地坝工程是黄土高原区非常重要的水土保持措施之一,淤地坝的效益与一般水土保持建设工程的效益既有相同之处,又有不同之处。以陕西延安地区为例,对淤地坝的效益计算从生态安全、防洪减沙、淤积造地等几个方面进行了分析计算,为延安地区淤地的效益分析与评价提供理论和实践依据。     

水分生态环境对刺槐细根垂直分布的影响

采用土钻法,对安塞县和长武县的刺槐细根面积垂直分布特征进行调查研究,结果表明:（1）刺槐细根的垂直分布与水分生态环境密切相关,现存的细根密度是对具体生境逐步适应调整的结果。（2）刺槐在遗传特性上表现为深根性树种。刺槐细根的垂直分布除了受树种遗传特性的影响,很大程度上受水分生态环境的影响。（3）刺槐细根的垂直分布区域与降雨的补偿深度基本一致,如果土壤中的水分得不到很好的补偿,将对刺槐的生长造成很大影响。因此,黄土高原营造人工林,应充分考虑降水对土壤含水量的补偿深度和补偿程度,以水分生态环境中所能容纳的适宜细根密度为依据确定造林密度,才能使树木达到最大生产力。     

陇东黄土高原春播紫花苜蓿生态气候特征及适生种植区划

根据对春播两年生紫花苜蓿生长状况和相应气象观测资料的分析，探讨了陇东黄土高原地区春播紫花苜蓿的生长发育与平均气温、积温及降水量等生态气侯条件的定量关系，据此得出陇东地区紫花苜蓿的适生种植区划和气侯风险区划。综合区划结果提出开发利用气侯资源的途径和生产紫花苜蓿的对策，为陇东地区进一步调整农业生产结构，发展畜牧业生产和改善生态环境提供依据。     

基于DSSAT-CERES-Wheat的黄土高原西部春小麦干旱影响研究

为提出有效措施预防黄土高原西部地区春小麦生产受到气象和农业干旱的影响,估算了1961—2018年期间、时间尺度1～6个月标准化降水蒸散指数（Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, SPEI）以及深度0～10 cm和深度10～40 cm的土壤水分亏缺指数（Soil moisture deficit index, SMDI）,探究了气象和农业干旱时空变化规律;利用DSSAT-CERES-Wheat模型模拟了黄土高原西部7个站点春小麦1961—2018年的生长要素和产量数据,分析了其时空变化规律;并研究了气象和农业干旱对春小麦生长过程及产量的影响。结果表明：以甘肃临夏站为例,时间尺度1～6个月SPEI和SMDI的干湿状态总体上一致,SPEI总体呈现干湿交替,深度0～10 cm的SMDI以及深度10～40 cm的SMDI的变化基本一致,均呈现变湿润的趋势。DSSAT-CERES-Wheat模型模拟黄土高原西部春小麦生长过程和产量方面的效果良好（决定系数R²为0.65～0.84）;1961—2018年春小麦最...     

The Optimization for Crop Planning and Some Advances for Water-Saving Crop Planning in the Semiarid Loess Plateau of China

The establishment of water-saving crop planning is an inevitable choice of the water-saving agriculture for the water-deficiency region in the arid and semiarid Loess Plateau of China and the world. The water-saving crop planning refers to the planting structure that centres the adjustment of the crop's adaptation to water, the optimization of temporal and spatial layout for crops, the local natural resources, marketing resources, human resources and financial input to enable region or basin with limited water resources to achieve the maximum economic, social and ecological benefits of planting industry under certain technology and economy. After the analysis on the research progress of optimization theory, optimization goals, optimization methods of water-saving cultivation structure and macro-control measures, it is pointed out that the main deficiencies of the current research of water-saving cultivation pattern optimization are lacking of a strong theoretical basis, and the immaturity of optimization technologies. The future crucial research direction will focus on five aspects such as the special optimization theory system, the division methods by studying the watershed unit and using 3S technology, optimization model based on multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, evaluation of rationality and macro-control measures on the basis of the public participation.     

Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters

This paper determined the effects of mulching time for double furrows and ridges using plastic film on soil water status, grain yield of maize, soil quality, and economic benefits. The study was conducted in a typical semiarid area during two growing seasons of 2006–2007 with the following three treatments: (i) plastic film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (CK); (ii) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (T1); and (iii) mulching at sowing with no-tillage, and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season (T2). The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year (2007) improved soil water content (in the 0–60 cm layer) and temperature (10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons, the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0–80 cm soil layer in CK and T1, and in the 0–120 cm soil layer in T2; however, it decreased significantly in 140–200 cm soil layer in CK and T1, compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006, and there was no significant change in T2. The rainfall storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season (late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK, 34.0 mm in T1, and 59.7 mm in T2, and the rainfall storage in 100–200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1, respectively. In 2006, there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in all treatments. In 2007, the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2, but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) (0–20 cm) decreased in CK and T1, but increased (by 2.7%) in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006. The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK, 1.40:1 for T1, and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons. Therefore, T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage, producing greater economic benefit and maintaining SOC balance for maize production in semiarid area.     

基于LBV变换与小波变换的OLI图像融合方法

以陕西省榆阳区2013年6月9日的Landsat 8 OLI图像为基础数据源,对比分析LBV-Wavelet RF等5种图像融合算法的使用效果。对图像预处理后,分别采用HIS变换、Brovey变换、HPF变换、PCA变换和LBV-Wavelet RF方法进行融合和SVM监督分类,然后从目视评价和定量评价两方面对比分析各种融合算法的使用效果。在目视评价方面,判读融合前、后9种地类光谱特征的一致性;融合后图像是否具有全色波段图像的空间结构特征,是否存在细节模糊。在定量评价方面,采用灰度均值差、灰度均方根差评价融合后图像对多光谱信息的保持性能;采用相关系数均值、相关系数均方根差评价融合后图像对高空间分辨率信息的融入度;采用总体分类精度、Kappa系数评价融合前、后SVM监督分类精度差异。结果表明LBV-Wavelet RF方法能够使融合后图像在保持原多光谱图像光谱信息的同时,增强纹理结构特征,提高对细小地物的辨识能力;融合后图像SVM监督分类的总体分类精度和Kappa系数分别为84.01%和0.787,较原多光谱图像分别提高13.45%和15.91%。     

Glomus-wetland rice mycorrhizas influenced by nursery inoculation techniques under high fertility soil conditions

 We investigated the effect of nursery inoculation techniques on mycorrhizal colonization and sporulation, growth responses, and nutrient (N and P) uptake to determine the suitable nursey inoculation method of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) under high-fertility soil conditions. Seedlings were produced in dry-nursery (DN, watered to 60% of –0.03 MPa) and wet-nursery (WN, 3–5 cm water from the soil surface) conditions with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (Glomus spp.) inoculation. Soil was γ-ray sterilized before use in this experiment. Mycorrhizal fungal colonization was 56% in DN and 23% in WN plants at 6 weeks of growth. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization was significantly higher in plants of DN origin than in WN plants after transplantation to the pots, irrespective of growing stages. Mycorrhizal colonization was significantly decreased to 28% in DN plants and to 25% in WN plants at harvest. The grain yield was significantly influenced by nursery conditions. N and P acquisition of wetland rice plants inoculated with Glomus spp. was significantly greater than that of non-inoculated plants at maturity, especially in those originating from DN conditions. P translocation from shoots to grain was accelerated by mycorrhizas. Received: 6 April 1997     

黄土高原径流林业技术研究

以降水资源环境容量为基础控制林分密度,试验了不同集水技术对林地土壤水环境的改善作用,对林木生长的影响及集水技术的适用性.10年试验研究和大面积示范结果表明,在年降水量410mm左右地区造林,林地坡面经过不同的防渗处理,当每株树具有8m~2的集水面时,可使2m~2的植树带内收集到570～1270mm降水,造林成活率最高达到98%,林木生长量可提高40%～80%.     

Evolution of dinitrogen and nitrous oxide from the soil to the atmosphere through rice plants

Summary It is commonly assumed that a large fraction of fertilizer N applied to a rice (Oryza sativa L.) field is lost from the soil-water-plant system as a result of denitrification. Direct evidence to support this view, however, is limited. The few direct field, denitrification gas measurements that have been made indicate less N loss than that determined by ¹⁵N balance after the growing season. One explanation for this discrepancy is that the N₂ produced during denitrification in a flooded soil remains trapped in the soil system and does not evolve to the atmosphere until the soil dries or is otherwise disturbed. It seems likely, however, that N₂ produced in the soil uses the rice plants as a conduit to the atmosphere, as does methane. Methane evolution from a rice field has been demonstrated to occur almost exclusively through the rice plants themselves. A field study in Cuttack, India, and a greenhouse study in Fort Collins, Colorado, were conducted to determine the influence of rice plants on the transport of N₂ and N₂O from the soil to the atmosphere. In these studies, plots were fertilized with 75 or 99 atom % ¹⁵N-urea and ¹⁵N techniques were used to monitor the daily evolution of N₂ and N₂O. At weekly intervals the amount of N₂+N₂O trapped in the flooded soil and the total-N and fertilized-N content of the soil and plants were measured in the greenhouse plots. Direct measurement of N₂+N₂O emission from field and greenhouse plots indicated that the young rice plant facilitates the efflux of N₂ and N₂O from the soil to the atmosphere. Little N gas was trapped in the rice-planted soils while large quantities were trapped in the unplanted soils. N losses due to denitrification accounted for only up to 10% of the loss of added N in planted soils in the field or greenhouse. The major losses of fertilizer N from both the field and greenhouse soils appear to have been the result of NH₃ volatilization.