不同赛道维护方式对1 600 m速度赛伊犁马步态特征和比赛成绩的影响

【目的】研究不同赛道维护方式对伊犁马步态特征、比赛成绩的影响,为伊犁马选种选育和赛道维护提供依据。【方法】以8匹伊犁马公马为研究对象,设计1 600 m途程比赛。用高速摄像机记录伊犁马在不同赛道维护方式下直道、弯道、终点的步态特征的视频素材,终点计时系统记录马匹比赛成绩,分析不同赛道维护方式下伊犁马各赛段步态特征、比赛成绩的差异性。【结果】直道阶段,前肢双支撑相、前位前蹄支撑相压实组极显著低于耙地组和普通组(P<0.01);步频压实组极显著高于耙地组和普通组(P<0.01),耙地组显著低于普通组(P<0.05);双支撑相步幅、总步幅、最大开张角度压实组极显著高于耙地组(P<0.01),显著高于普通组(P<0.05)。弯道阶段,后位后蹄支撑相、后肢间隔期、前位后蹄支撑相、后位前蹄支撑相、对角双支撑相、前肢间隔期、前肢双支撑相、前位前蹄支撑相压实组均极显著低于耙地组和普通组(P<0.01);腾空期、步频压实组极显著高于耙地组和普通组(P<0.01);腾空期步幅压实组显著高于普通组步幅(P<0.05);最大开张角度压实组显著高于耙地组和普通组(P<0.05)。终点阶段,后肢间隔期、前位后蹄支撑相、前肢双支撑相、前位前蹄支撑相压实组显著低于耙地组(P<0.05);步频压实组极显著高于耙地组(P<0.01),耙地组显著低于普通组(P<0.05);后肢步幅压实组显著高于普通组(P<0.05);双支撑相步幅压实组极显著高于耙地组(P<0.01),耙地组显著低于普通组(P<0.05);最大开张角度压实组显著高于耙地组和普通组(P<0.05)。【结论】压实组马匹步幅、步频较大,比赛成绩最好,赛道状况的差异会导致运动性能的差异。在选种选育,评价马匹运动性能过程中应考虑赛道状况,以提高个体选择准确性。     

日粮粗蛋白质水平对伊犁鹅产蛋规律、繁殖激素分泌及相关基因mRNA表达的影响

为探讨日粮粗蛋白质水平对伊犁鹅的产蛋规律、繁殖激素分泌及生殖轴相关基因mRNA表达量的影响,本研究随机选取200只3岁伊犁鹅（年龄、饲养管理水平一致及体重相近）,随机分为4个组,每组10个重复。对照组及公鹅饲喂鹅场自配料（粗蛋白质水平11.20%）,试验组母鹅分别饲喂粗蛋白质水平为13.86%、15.20%和16.48%的日粮,其余营养指标基本一致。预试期1周,正试期9周。结果表明：①试验期内伊犁鹅的产蛋率呈波动变化,对照组伊犁鹅的产蛋率在第1~2周逐渐上升,第4~5周出现小幅度增长,其余阶段表现为下滑趋势;各试验组伊犁鹅的产蛋率在第1~2、4~5周出现较大幅度增长,且在第5周时达到产蛋高峰,此后逐渐下滑。15.20%粗蛋白质组伊犁鹅就巢率显著低于11.20%、13.86%粗蛋白质组。②与对照组相比,13.86%粗蛋白质组血清促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）浓度极显著升高（P<0.01）,且血清雌二醇（E₂）、促黄体素（LH）浓度均显著升高（P<0.05）;15.20%、16.48%粗蛋白质组血清GnRH、E₂及LH浓度均极显著升高（P<0.01）,且血清促卵泡素（FSH）浓度显著升高（P<0.05）。各试验组血清催乳素（PRL）浓度均显著降低（P<0.05）。③与对照组相比,15.20%粗蛋白质组下丘脑GnRH、LHR基因表达量显著上调（P<0.05）,PRL、PRLR基因表达量显著下调（P<0.05）;垂体中LH基因表达量显著上调（P<0.05）;卵巢中LH与ESR2基因表达量显著或极显著上调（P<0.05,P<0.01）。综上所述,基于日粮粗蛋白质水平对伊犁鹅的产蛋率、就巢率、血清生殖激素浓度及生殖轴相关基因mRNA相对表达量影响的综合评估,建议产蛋期伊犁鹅日粮粗蛋白质水平为15.20%。     

Investigations of the maintenance system of the Konik Polski horse and its effects on fecal microbiota activity during the winter and summer seasons

Gastrointestinal microbiota play a key role in the nutrients digestion and hence maintaining animal health and welfare. The diet offered to the animals in captivity may differ considerably from that on natural pastures. In a stabled maintenance system, horses have a limited choice of habitat and feed. Time spend for feeding is relevant for equine welfare because the reduction of the time devoted for foraging may be responsible for inducing gastric inflammation and ulceration. Therefore, in the present study, it was hypothesized that fecal bacterial fermentative processes differ between free-roaming and stabled Konik Polski Horses (KPHs) with respect to microbial enzymatic activity, and thus the fecal concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which can be further utilized for assessing the feeding behavior and welfare in free-roaming versus stabled horses. The SCFA concentration and profile, as well as the extracellular and intracellular activities of selected bacterial enzymes, were characterized in horse feces collected during the winter and summer feeding seasons. The results showed higher enzymatic activity and SCFA production in the feces excreted by free-roaming versus stabled horses, especially during summer. An increase in pasture plant diversity may be beneficial for the gastrointestinal microbiota and hence for maintaining health and welfare.     

Identification of a periorbital wooden foreign body as the cause of chronic ocular discharge in a horse

The clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features of a horse with a wooden foreign body embedded in the deep portion of the right masseter muscle adjacent to the right orbit are presented. The purpose of this report is to describe the clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging findings and treatment of a penetrating wooden foreign body in a horse that had no history of trauma or evidence of a puncture wound. This report documents the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging to detect a wooden foreign body embedded in the soft tissues of a horse with a chronic copious ocular discharge. Two surgical procedures were necessary, which is a frequent complication encountered with wooden foreign bodies.     

Age at first start and racing career of a cohort of Australian Standardbred horses

OBJECTIVE Compare the career profiles of a cohort of Standardbred horses that first raced as 2-year-olds with those that started their racing careers at a later age. METHOD Retrospective analysis of the racing records of all foals born in New South Wales in the 2000 foaling season. RESULTS The career records of 999 horses were analysed. Almost half (43.9%) first raced as 2-year-olds and one-third (33.9%) as 3-year-olds. The median career duration for horses that first raced as 2-year-olds was 2.93 years (interquartile range (IQR) 2.70-3.16), which was significantly greater than the median for horses that first raced at 3, 4 or ≥5 years old (P < 0.001). Males, and horses that first raced as 2-year-olds, earned significantly more prize money than females or horses that started racing aged ≥3 years (P < 0.001). The population median number of career starts was 28.0 (IQR 8-64). Males, and horses that first raced as 2-year-olds, had significantly more career starts than females or horses that started racing aged ≥3 years (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study found no evidence suggesting that racing as a 2-year-old had a deleterious effect on a horse's racing career.     

Study on the Changes of Reproductive Hormone and Regulation of Follicle Development During the Reproductive Cycle of Yili Goose in Xinjiang

This experiment was aimed to study the changes of reproductive hormone and regulation of follicle development during the reproductive cycle of Yili goose in Xinjiang. 2 years old Yili goose were chosen which were in good health and similar weight. 32 samples were randomly selected to take blood samples for hormone detection during the laying, broodiness and ceased periods, and 15 samples were randomly selected to gather ovarian tissue for the observation of the development of ovary and follicular. The results showed that during the laying period, the GnRH of the Yili goose was extremely significantly higher than the broodiness and ceased periods of 16.78% and 58.29% (P<0.01);PRL was significantly lower than the broodiness period of 13.00% (P<0.05), and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 28.94% (P<0.01); FSH was higher than the broodiness period of 6.98% (P>0.05),and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 21.12% (P<0.01); LH was extremely significantly lower than the broodiness period of 8.38% (P<0.01),and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 16.84% (P<0.01); E₂ were extremely significantly higher than that the broodiness and ceased periods of 29.80% and 112.40% (P<0.01); P₄ levels were extremely significantly higher than the broodiness and ceased periods of 28.89% and 30.34% (P<0.01). The ovary volume and weight of Yili goose were extremely significantly higher than that of broodiness and ceased periods (P<0.01). In the laying period, the mature follicles of Yili goose were significantly larger than that of the broodiness and resting periods, the number of secondary follicles was more and the number of primary follicles was lesser. Ovarian growth and mature follicle atresia, granule layer shrinkage, inward depression, cytoplasmic cavity, follicular atrophy at all levels in the broodiness period. The follicle cytoplasmic cavity of the ovary was larger in the ceased period than broodiness period, and inward concave further deeper, a large number of primordial follicles evenly arranged. Thus, during the laying period, the responses of GnRH, E₂ and LH of Yili goose were active and played a leading role on the development of ovarian and follicular. PRL and LH maintained a high level of secretion, cooperated to maintain the broodiness behavior during the broodiness period.